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991.
992.
993.
The impact of accelerometry on CHAMP orbit determination 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
The contribution of the STAR accelerometer to the CHAMP orbit precision is evaluated and quantified by means of the following
results: orbital fit to the satellite laser ranging (SLR) observations, GPS reduced-dynamic vs SLR dynamic orbit comparisons,
and comparison of the measured to the modeled non-gravitational accelerations (atmospheric drag in particular). In each of
the four test periods in 2001, five CHAMP arcs of 2 days' length were analyzed. The mean RMS-of-fit of the SLR observations
of the orbits computed with STAR data or the non-gravitational force model were 11 and 24 cm, respectively. If the accelerometer
calibration parameters are not known at least at the few percent level, the SLR orbit fit deteriorates. This was tested by
applying a 10% error to the along-track scale factor of the accelerometer, which increased the SLR RMS-of-fit on average to
17 cm. Reference orbits were computed employing the reduced-dynamic technique with GPS tracking data. This technique yields
the most accurate orbit positions thanks to the estimation of a large number of empirical accelerations, which compensate
for dynamic modeling errors. Comparison of the SLR orbits, computed with STAR data or the non-gravitational force model, to
the GPS-based orbits showed that the SLR orbits employing accelerometer observations are twice as accurate. Finally, comparison
of measured to modeled accelerations showed that the level of geomagnetic activity is highly correlated with the atmospheric
drag model error, and that the largest errors occur around the geomagnetic poles.
Received: 7 May 2002 / Accepted: 18 November 2002
Correspondence to: S. Bruinsma
Acknowledgments. The TIGCM results were obtained from the CEDAR database. This study was supported by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales
(CNES). The referees are thanked for their helpful remarks and suggestions. 相似文献
994.
Geoid determination using adapted reference field, seismic Moho depths and variable density contrast 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The traditional remove-restore technique for geoid computation suffers from two main drawbacks. The first is the assumption
of an isostatic hypothesis to compute the compensation masses. The second is the double consideration of the effect of the
topographic–isostatic masses within the data window through removing the reference field and the terrain reduction process.
To overcome the first disadvantage, the seismic Moho depths, representing, more or less, the actual compensating masses, have
been used with variable density anomalies computed by employing the topographic–isostatic mass balance principle. In order
to avoid the double consideration of the effect of the topographic–isostatic masses within the data window, the effect of
these masses for the used fixed data window, in terms of potential coefficients, has been subtracted from the reference field,
yielding an adapted reference field. This adapted reference field has been used for the remove–restore technique. The necessary
harmonic analysis of the topographic–isostatic potential using seismic Moho depths with variable density anomalies is given.
A wide comparison among geoids computed by the adapted reference field with both the Airy–Heiskanen isostatic model and seismic
Moho depths with variable density anomaly and a geoid computed by the traditional remove–restore technique is made. The results
show that using seismic Moho depths with variable density anomaly along with the adapted reference field gives the best relative
geoid accuracy compared to the GPS/levelling geoid.
Received: 3 October 2001 / Accepted: 20 September 2002
Correspondence to: H.A. Abd-Elmotaal 相似文献
995.
Summary ?Above orographically structured terrain considerable differences of the regional wind field may be identified during large-scale
extreme wind events. So far, these regional differences could not be resolved by climate models. To determine the relationships
between large-scale atmospheric conditions, the influence of orography, and the regional wind field, data measured in the
upper Rhine valley within the framework of the REKLIP Regional Climate Project were analyzed and calculations were made using
the KAMM mesoscale model. In the area of the upper Rhine valley, ratios of the wind velocity in the Rhine valley at 10 m above
ground level, νval, and the large-scale flow velocity, νlar, are between νval/νlar ≈ 0.1 and νval/νlar ≈ 1. The νval/νlar ratio exhibits a strong dependence on thermal stratification, δ, and decreases from νval/νlar ≈ 1 at δ = 0 K m−1 to νval/νlar ≈ 0.2 at δ = 0.0075 K m−1. In areas, where the lateral mountainous border of the Rhine valley is interrupted, the νval/νlar ratio increases again with increasing stability or decreasing Froude number. This is obviously due to flow around the Black
Forest under stable stratification. It is demonstrated by model calculations that a complex wind field develops in the Rhine
valley at small Froude numbers (Fr < 1) irrespective of the direction of large-scale flow. The νval/νlar ratio is characterized by small values in the direct lee side (νval/νlar ≈ 0.2) and high values on the windward side of the lateral mountainous border of the Rhine valley (νval/νlar ≈ 0.8).
Received October 22, 2001; revised June 18, 2002; accepted June 23, 2002 相似文献
996.
Summary ?Using the data of 6 automatic heat balance observation (AWS) stations and a data set of 52 surface observation stations over
the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (“the Plateau”) and surroundings, the horizontal distribution is studied of “apparent atmospheric heat sources” 〈Q
1〉 and of “apparent atmospheric moisture sinks” 〈Q
2〉. The AWS stations were established during the period May to August 1998 of the Tibetan Plateau Meteorological Experiment
(second TIPEX) by a cooperation of China and Japan. For this period the Plateau mean of 〈Q
1〉 is positive. Its value of 74 W/m2 is a little greater than a climate value and than values from MONEX and the first TIPEX in 1979, respectively. Also the corresponding
〈Q
2〉 is positive. Hence during that time the Plateau is a heat source and a moisture sink. A day-to-day change of 〈Q
1〉 and 〈Q
2〉 is more pronounced over the middle and east part of the Plateau than over the west part.
Diagnostics accompanied by numerical simulations are used to study the daily relationship between 〈Q
1〉 over the Plateau and the weather over China and Asia for this summer. The results suggest that 〈Q
1〉 may affect precipitation over northern China and position of the west Pacific subtropical high. Abnormal southward retreat
of this Pacific high seems to have caused the second flood over the middle and lower Yangtse river basin in July.
Received May 20, 2001; revised February 2, 2002 相似文献
997.
998.
Large ensembles of simulations (ensemble size of 500 members) are performed using a simplified atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) in order to investigate the non-linearities in the response to composite sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly forcings that are constant in time. The SST composite corresponds to the observed anomaly associated with the atmospheric North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The integration length is 90 days for each ensemble (covering January, February and March). A non-linearity is found in the mean response to the SST-forcing, with the negative SST-NAO forcing leading to a stronger and more clear atmospheric NAO response. These non-linearities appear to be due to asymmetries in the heating anomalies induced by the SST-forcing and asymmetries in the transient eddy vorticity forcing. Further non-linearities are due to initial period dependences of the response to the same SST-forcing. As a consequence, a pre-existing negative atmospheric NAO is much more persistent due to SST-feedback than a positive NAO. 相似文献
999.
M. Krämer Ri. Müller H. Bovensmann J. Burrows J. Brinkmann E. P. Röth J.-U. Grooß Ro. Müller Th. Woyke R. Ruhnke G. Günther J. Hendricks E. Lippert K. S. Carslaw Th. Peter A. Zieger Ch. Brühl B. Steil R. Lehmann D. S. McKenna 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2003,45(1):51-77
Several stratospheric chemistry modules from box, 2-D or 3-D models, have been intercompared. The intercomparison was focused on the ozone loss and associated reactive species under the conditions found in the cold, wintertime Arctic and Antarctic vortices. Comparisons of both gas phase and heterogeneous chemistry modules show excellent agreement between the models under constrained conditions for photolysis and the microphysics of polar stratospheric clouds. While the mean integral ozone loss ranges from 4–80% for different 30–50 days long air parcel trajectories, the mean scatter of model results around these values is only about ±1.5%. In a case study, where the models employed their standard photolysis and microphysical schemes, the variation around the mean percentage ozone loss increases to about ±7%. This increased scatter of model results is mainly due to the different treatment of the PSC microphysics and heterogeneous chemistry in the models, whereby the most unrealistic assumptions about PSC processes consequently lead to the least representative ozone chemistry. Furthermore, for this case study the model results for the ozone mixing ratios at different altitudes were compared with a measured ozone profile to investigate the extent to which models reproduce the stratospheric ozone losses. It was found that mainly in the height range of strong ozone depletion all models underestimate the ozone loss by about a factor of two. This finding corroborates earlier studies and implies a general deficiency in our understanding of the stratospheric ozone loss chemistry rather than a specific problem related to a particular model simulation. 相似文献
1000.