Seismic markers of the Messinian salinity crisis in the deep Ionian Basin     

Angelo Camerlenghi  Anna Del Ben  Christian Hübscher  Edy Forlin  Riccardo Geletti  Giuseppe Brancatelli  Aaron Micallef  Marco Saule  Lorenzo Facchin 《Basin Research》2020,32(4):716-738

We conduct the seismic signal analysis on vintage and recently collected multichannel seismic reflection profiles from the Ionian Basin to characterize the deep basin Messinian evaporites. These evaporites were deposited in deep and marginal Mediterranean sedimentary basins as a consequence of the “salinity crisis” between 5.97 and 5.33 Ma, a basin-wide oceanographic and ecological crisis whose origin remains poorly understood. The seismic markers of the Messinian evaporites in the deep Mediterranean basins can be divided in two end-members, one of which is the typical “trilogy” of gypsum and clastics (Lower Unit – LU), halite (Mobile Unit – MU) and upper anhydrite and marl layers (Upper Unit – UU) traced in the Western Mediterranean Basins. The other end-member is a single MU unit subdivided in seven sub-units by clastic interlayers located in the Levant Basin. The causes of these different seismic expressions of the Messinian salinity crisis (MSC) appear to be related to a morphological separation between the two basins by the structural regional sill of the Sicily Channel. With the aid of velocity analyses and seismic imaging via prestack migration in time and depth domains, we define for the first time the seismic signature of the Messinian evaporites in the deep Ionian Basin, which differs from the known end-members. In addition, we identify different evaporitic depositional settings suggesting a laterally discontinuous deposition. With the information gathered we quantify the volume of evaporitic deposits in the deep Ionian Basin as 500,000 km³ ± 10%. This figure allows us to speculate that the total volume of salts in the Mediterranean basin is larger than commonly assumed. Different depositional units in the Ionian Basin suggest that during the MSC it was separated from the Western Mediterranean by physical thresholds, from the Po Plain/Northern Adriatic Basin, and the Levant Basin, likely reflecting different hydrological and climatic conditions. Finally, the evidence of erosional surfaces and V-shaped valleys at the top of the MSC unit, together with sharp evaporites pinch out on evaporite-free pre-Messinian structural highs, suggest an extreme Messinian Stage 3 base level draw down in the Ionian Basin. Such evidence should be carefully evaluated in the light of Messinian and post-Messinian vertical crustal movements in the area. The results of this study demonstrates the importance of extracting from seismic data the Messinian paleotopography, the paleomorphology and the detailed stratal architecture in the in order to advance in the understanding of the deep basins Messinian depositional environments.  相似文献   

A 1D P-wave velocity model of the Gargano promontory (south-eastern Italy)     

Salvatore de Lorenzo  Maddalena Michele  Antonio Emolo  Andrea Tallarico 《Journal of Seismology》2017,21(4):909-919

We investigate the elastic properties of the crust in the Gargano promontory, located in the northern part of the Apulia region (Southeastern Italy). Starting on April, 2013, a local-scale seismic network, composed of 12 short-period (1 Hz) seismic stations, was deployed on the Gargano promontory. Starting on October, 2013, the network was integrated with the recordings of nine seismic stations managed by the Italian Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV). The network recorded more than 1200 seismic events in about 15 months of data acquisition, with more than 700 small magnitude events localized in the Gargano promontory and surrounding areas. A Wadati-modified method allowed us to infer V_P/V_S = 1.73 for the area. A subset of about 400 events having a relatively smaller azimuthal gap (<200°) was selected to calibrate a 1D P-wave velocity model of the area, using the VELEST inversion code. The preferred model was obtained from the average of ten velocity models, each of them representing the inversion result from given initial velocity models, calibrated on previous geological and geophysical studies in the area. The results obtained under the assumption that V_P could decrease with depth are unstable, with very different depths of the top of low-velocity layers. Therefore, the velocity model was obtained from the average of the results obtained under the assumption that V_P cannot decrease with depth. A strong reduction of both RMS (about 58%) and errors on the location of the events was obtained with respect to the starting model. The final velocity model shows a strong velocity gradient in the upper 5 km of the crust and a small increase (from 6.7 to 7 km) at 30 km of depth. The epicenters of relocated events do not show clear correlations with the surface projection of known seismic faults. A cluster of the epicenters of the relocated events intersects almost perpendicularly the Candelaro fault trace at the surface.  相似文献   

The geomorphologic forcing of wild boars     

Luca Mauri  Lorenzo Sallustio  Paolo Tarolli 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(10):2085-2094

Among the main invasive species, the wild boar (Sus scrofa) is the most responsible for soil degradation in Europe and many Italian regions. At the same time, the stable presence of this species in agricultural areas has induced a conflict with humans, causing economic losses, environmental degradation and also social issues. A clear quantification of the potential damages (in terms of soil bioturbation) of this species at large scale is, however, still obscure. The purpose of this research is to analyse the role of wild boars as a geomorphologic agent, presenting a general diagnostic framework regarding the geomorphic impact of this species, classifying and mapping potential sediment hotspots and their likely connection to rivers and road networks. Accordingly, a record of wild boar damage types is first presented, and their possible interaction with hydrological and geomorphological processes is described. Then, a pilot case study is discussed on mapping and quantifying wild boar damages in a hilly agricultural landscape located in northeast Italy. The wild boar damages were geolocalized using a geographical positioning system (GPS) in two years of intensive field campaigns among agricultural fields involved in wild boar damaging activities. For each damaged area (total 406), several measures of soil erosion depth were taken and the degradation surface of interest mapped for a total of 10 150 measures. The volume of removed soil was then estimated, considering the average depth of damages previously recorded. Finally, the Index of Connectivity was applied to provide a classification of the considered damages based on their connection to both river and road networks. The results indicate that the ongoing uncontrolled wild boar expansion may not affect crops only or be a risk for people, but can also increase soil erosion, with a potential connection to hydrographic networks and human infrastructures. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Long-term large wood load fluctuations in two low-order streams in Southern Chile     

Andrés Iroumé  Manuel Cartagena  Luisa Villablanca  Daniel Sanhueza  Bruno Mazzorana  Lorenzo Picco 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(9):1959-1973

The eco-hydrogeomorphic significance of large wood (LW) and its potential for increasing downstream hazards during extreme floods have been widely recognized. We used LW data collected for a 10-year period from the two low-order streams of Pichún (Pi) and Vuelta de Zorra (VZ) in Southern Chile to (a) determine if the abundance and dimensions of individual LW pieces change with time, (b) quantify wood load fluctuations during the 10-year period, and (c) assess the role of LW recruitment from the riparian forests to explain wood load fluctuations during the study period. Nine years after the first survey, the number of LW pieces in Pi and VZ diminished by 60 and 40%, respectively. Despite the reduction in these numbers, in Pi, the LW dimensions did not change significantly during the study. In VZ, the dimensions exhibited statistically significant differences, despite being within the same class. In both catchments, the LW load fluctuated during a 10-year period, but the drivers of change differed. Although tree toppling was the recruitment mechanism responsible for LW in both stream cases, the high wood load measured in Pi at the beginning of the study suggested massive tree recruitments before the first survey, followed by wood exports which were higher than inputs in the subsequent 10-year period. In VZ, LW load decreased during the first 9 years (mean annual rate of ~9.2 m³ year⁻¹) and then increased by ~12.1 m³ year⁻¹ in year 10. At VZ, the inputs consisted of single trees that were recruited from the riparian area and by upstream flotation, while exports occurred by downstream fluvial transport. Wood inputs and exports occurred asynchronously and led to LW load fluctuations at decadal and annual intervals. Land management and tree species thus exert a major influence on wood inventory and budget in streams. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Spatial and temporal variability in feeding and condition of age-0 walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) in frontal regions of the Bering Sea     

Brodeur  Richard D.; Wilson  Matthew T.; Ciannelli  Lorenzo 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2000,57(2):256-264

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Sulla luminosita’ del cielo e sul contenuto di polveri nell’atmosfera     

Lorenzo Casertano 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1956,33(1):177-186

Riassunto Si analizzano andamenti sperimentali della luminosità del cielo nelle zone rossa e bleu dello spettro. Dal confronto con diversi andamenti teorici si ottiene la spiegazione per la diversità di comportamento della luminosità nelle due zone considerate, e si riconosce la possibilità che — sotto certe condizioni — è consentito tener conto della sola diffusione primaria. Considerando anche la diffusione non molecolare si indica un metodo per calcolare, dalle misure di luminosità, il valore di un parametro che rappresenta un indice del contenuto di polveri nell’atmosfera. Si discutono alcuni valori trovati in base a misure eseguite all’Osservatorio Vesuviano.

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Summary Experimental outlines of sky brightness in the red and blue fields of spectrum are analized. From comparison with theoretical predictions one desumes the explanation about the different behaviour of brightness in the two considered fields and possibility — under certain conditions — of taking account only primary scattering. Considering also non-molecular scattering a method is shown to deduce, from the measurements of intensities of sky radiation, the value of a parameter representing the content of dust into atmosphere. Some experimental values found in measurements made at the ? Osservatorio Vesuviano ? are discussed.

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Prof.Lorenzo Casertano, Osservatorio Vesuviano,Resina (Napoli)  相似文献   

Some reflections on the fumarolic manifestations of the Los Copahues crater     

Lorenzo Casertano 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1964,27(1):197-215

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Low- and high-Ti ophiolites in Northern Pindos: Petrological and geological constraints     

S. Capedri  G. Venturelli  J. Bebien  L. Toscani 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1981,44(3):439-449

Ophiolites with different magmatic characteristics are closely associated in space with one another in northern Pindos. Some have affinities with ocean-floor magmas (Group I), and others represent melts which are frequently strongly depleted in «incompatible» elements (Group II). Group I is composed of cumulates, dolerites and lavas, whereas Group II occurs mainly as pillows and dykes, and postdates Group I. The two groups have different geochemical, mineralogical and petrographic features. They exhibit different Ti, Cr, Ni, Y, Zr, P, Si and Mg contents, and clinopyroxenes and spinels of Group I have higher Ti/Al and Ti/Mn ratios, and lower Cr/(Cr + Al) values respectively than those of Group II. Many rocks of Group II are chemically similar to boninites and associated rocks as well as to low-Ti basalts from other areas and ophiolitic complexes. It is concluded that geochemical and mineralogical data alone do not allow a definitive answer about the original tectonic setting of the investigated rocks, although a genesis above a subduction zone seems to be plausible hypothesis.  相似文献   

The whaling issue: Conservation,confusion, and casuistry     

Phillip J. Clapham  Simon Childerhouse  Nicolas J. Gales  Lorenzo Rojas-Bracho  Michael F. Tillman  Robert L. Brownell Jr. 《Marine Policy》2007

Morishita's “multiple analysis” of the whaling issue [Morishita J. Multiple analysis of the whaling issue: Understanding the dispute by a matrix. Marine Policy 2006;30:802–8] is essentially a restatement of the Government of Japan's whaling policy, which confuses the issue through selective use of data, unsubstantiated facts, and the vilification of opposing perspectives. Here, we deconstruct the major problems with Morishita's article and provide an alternative view of the whaling dispute. For many people in this debate, the issue is not that some whales are not abundant, but that the whaling industry cannot be trusted to regulate itself or to honestly assess the status of potentially exploitable populations. This suspicion has its origin in Japan's poor use of science, its often implausible stock assessments, its insistence that culling is an appropriate way to manage marine mammal populations, and its relatively recent falsification of whaling and fisheries catch data combined with a refusal to accept true transparency in catch and market monitoring. Japanese policy on whaling cannot be viewed in isolation, but is part of a larger framework involving a perceived right to secure unlimited access to global marine resources. Whaling is inextricably tied to the international fisheries agreements on which Japan is strongly dependent; thus, concessions made at the IWC would have potentially serious ramifications in other fora.  相似文献   

A Model to Study the Bias on Q Estimates Obtained by Applying the Rise Time Method to Earthquake Data     

S. de Lorenzo 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1998,153(2-4):419-438

—Among Q-estimation methods a simple linear technique consists of the evaluation of the increasing rise time of body waves with the increase of their travel time. This method, known as the rise time method, was theoretically justified for an impulsive source time function (Dirac delta function). Wu and Lees (1996), throughout finite difference calculations, showed that, when considering finite source time functions, characterized by a cut-off frequency around 20 Hz, the rise time method can be satisfactorily applied to invert earthquake data.¶In order to establish the applicability of the rise time method to an arbitrary earthquake source we analytically solved the problem of the propagation, throughout an anelastic medium, of a signal generated by a finite dimensions seismic source the shear dislocation fault of Brune (1970). Analyzing theoretical rise time vs. travel-time curves, we were able to distinguish two different corner frequency ranges in which the trend is different. When corner frequency is below 10 Hz the discrepancies with the rise time method increase with a decrease of the corner frequency. When corner frequency is above 10 Hz no meaningful differences are observed.¶The application of the model to a synthetic data set, based on the sources-receivers configuration of the 15 November 1995 Border Town, Nevada, earthquake sequence, shows that a significant bias affects Q estimates obtained with the rise time method, for seismic events characterized by a Brune corner frequency less than 5 Hz.  相似文献