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11.
Sylwia M. Zelek Katarzyna M. Stadnicka Tomasz Toboła Lucyna Natkaniec-Nowak 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2014,108(5):619-631
Outcrops of natural blue and purple halite crystals have been found in K?odawa (Poland) salt deposit originating from the Permian (Zechstein) salt formation within tectonic zones. Field works carried out on various levels of K?odawa Salt Mine indicated differences both in intensity of the hue and in the size of the outcrops. Their occurrence was connected with the presence of epigenetic sediments rich in potassium. For the samples of blue halite, an optical anisotropy (birefringence) was observed for both standard mineralogical thin sections and thick plates, indicating a deviation from cubic symmetry. The blue colouration of the halites, described by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, is due to the presence of colour centres. The colour centres have been recently identified as: F, R1 (F3), R2 (F3), M and plasmons (Wese?ucha-Birczyńska et al., Vib Spectrosc 60:124–128, 2012). The trace amount of impurities detected in the blue halites by means of scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and micro-X-ray fluorescence techniques were connected mainly with solid inclusions such as K x Na(1???x)Cl, KMgCl3·6H2O, KCl, orthorhombic sulphur, quartz and some other phases like pyrite. Crystallographic data obtained by X-ray diffraction experiments for the single crystals of the halite from K?odawa with different saturation of blue or purple colours, as well as for natural colourless halite, revealed lowering of space-group symmetry to monoclinic, orthorhombic, trigonal, tetragonal or even triclinic systems while the space group typical for pure NaCl is Fm-3m. 相似文献
12.
Lucyna Kedziora-Chudczer David L. Jauncey Mark A. Wieringa Anastasios K. Tzioumis Hayley E. Bignall 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2001,278(1-2):113-117
We present results of the ATCA IDV Survey of southern extragalactic radio sources. We discuss briefly the properties of the
22 new intraday variable sources discovered in the Survey. The follow-up observations of a few extreme examples of strong
intraday variability are presented. We find that the characteristics of the total flux density fluctuations at different wavelengths
are consistent with intersteller scintillations (ISS) of the microarcsecondsize soorten components. However, the scintillating
components of a few extreme IDVs are characterized by the brightness temperatures far exceeding the T
B=1012 K limit. The relativistic beaming invoked in such sources would require Doppler factors up to as high as δ∼ 103.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
David L. Jauncey Helen M. Johnston Hayley E. Bignall J.E.J. Lovell Lucyna Kedziora-Chudczer 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2001,277(4):637-641
Volume Contents
Volume contents 相似文献14.
David L. Jauncey Lucyna Kedziora-Chudczer James E.J. Lovell Jean-Pierre Macquart George D. Nicolson Rick A. Perley John E. Reynolds Anastasios K. Tzioumis Mark H. Wieringa Hayley E. Bignall 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2001,278(1-2):87-92
Intra-day variability (IDV) of active galactic nuclei (AGN) has been detected from gamma-ray energies to radio wavelengths.
At high energies, such variability appears to be intrinsic to the sources themselves. However, at radio wavelengths, brightness
temperatures as high as1018 to 1021 K are encountered if the IDV is intrinsic to the source. We discuss here the accumulating evidence showing that, at radio
wavelengths where the highest brightness temperatures are encountered, interstellar scintillation (ISS) is the principal mechanism
causing IDV. While ISS reduces the implied brightness temperatures, they still remain uncomfortably high.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
15.
Flame coal (Janina Mine, Poland) was an object of geochemical analyses for changes caused by the process of microbial desulphurisation. Ash content, beryllium, chromium, zinc, cobalt, lithium, manganese, copper, molybdenum, nickel, lead and vanadium concentrations were investigated in coal extracts, its macromolecular part, semi-coke and polar compound fractions of extracts and pyrolysates of crude and biodesulphurised coal density fractions. The macromolecular part of extracted density fractions was pyrolysed giving semi-coke and pyrolysate. These were separated into aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic and polar compounds by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Distributions of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in pyrolysates of the crude and desulphurised coal density fractions were compared by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Extracts, extracted density fractions, semi-coke and polar compound fractions were analysed for concentrations of trace elements. In the crude coal their concentrations in the macromolecular part are related only to coke. However, in the desulphurised coal the participation of the particular trace element increases in pyrolysate polar compound fractions. Its values are in the range from 1% (Mn) to 100% (Cr and Mo). These changes are the best seen in the 1.80-2.30×103 kg/m3 density fraction. Very high concentrations of trace elements were found in pyrolysate of desulphurised coal density fraction. This can be explained by the partial decomposition of coal macromolecule resulting from desulphurisation. Significant side-cleavage of peripheral groups and lighter aromatic hydrocarbons is possible. The effects of bacterial influence were manifested by the increase of polar compounds contents both in pyrolysates and extracts of the desulphurised coal and changes in distribution of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon as pyrolytical products. These effects increase with mineral substance contents. Moreover, the increase of trace element concentration in coal organic matter occurs. It is reflected by the increase of participation of coal pyrolysate polar fraction in the total concentration of analysed elements in the macromolecular part of a given density fraction. The presented results are a part of the larger research aimed to find an influence of desulphurisation on chemical and technological properties of coal. 相似文献
16.
Sulphide and carbonate minerals from nine bituminous coal seams of a Paralic Series were investigated by means of polished-section microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and absorption spectral analyses. In addition to syngenetic accumulations of kaolinite, illite and quartz, diagenetic veinlets of subhedral pyrite and marcasite most often occur in vitrinite clast fissures and in post-tectonic fissures, nests and lenses with fusinite. Epigenetic anhedral and subhedral grains of ankerite, dolomite, siderite and calcite are also frequently found in post-tectonic veins. Pyrite replaced some of the marcasite grains and it dominates in older coal seams in the Flora Beds as compared with the Grodziec Beds. Occasionally there are anhedral and subhedral galena, sphalerite and chalcopyrite grains among coal macerals as well as cerussite among post-tectonic carbonate veins. They all represent the only minerals that are abundant in definite chalcophile elements (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn). In addition to the minerals just mentioned, the elements occurred in pyrite and ankerite grains, which contained inclusions of fusinite and other minerals (among others, clay and carbonate minerals in pyrite, pyrite in carbonates). Although there is a low content of minerals accumulating Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, the minerals significantly influence the average concentration of elements in the coal seams. In the Grodziec Beds, mineral matter, especially carbonates and sulphides, determines (>50%) the concentration of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in coal. The basic part of Cd, Co and Ni in the coal seams of the Grodziec Beds and of Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in coal seams of the Flora Beds originates from organic matter. These regularities can be important, from an ecological perspective, in stating whether the coals investigated are useful for combustion and in chemical processing. 相似文献