Solubility of HOCl in water and aqueous H2SO4 to stratospheric temperatures     

T. Huthwelker  Th. Peter  B. P. Luo  S. L. Clegg  K. S. Carslaw  P. Brimblecombe 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1995,21(1):81-95

Henry's law constants K_H (mol kg^–1 atm^–1) for the reaction HOCl_(g)=HOCl_(aq) near room temperature, literature data for the associated enthalpy change, and solubilities of HOCl in aqueous H₂SO₄ (46 to 60 wt%) at temperatures relevant to the stratosphere (200 KT230 K) are shown to be thermodynamically consistent. Effective Henry's law constants [H*=mHOCl/pHOCl, in mol kg^–1 atm^–1] of HOCl in aqueous H₂SO₄ are given by: ln(H*)=6.4946–mH₂SO₄(–0.04107+54.56/T)–5862 (1/T_o–1/T) where T(K) is temperature and T_o=298.15K. The activity coefficient of HOCl in aqueous H₂SO₄ has a simple Setchenow-type dependence upon H₂SO₄ molality.  相似文献   

Evolution of permafrost in Northeast China since the Late Pleistocene   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

HuiJun Jin  XiaoLi Chang  DongLiang Luo  RuiXia He  LanZhi L&#;  SiZhong Yang  DongXin Guo  XueMei Chen  Stuart A. Harris 《寒旱区科学》2016,8(4):269-296

In Northeast China, permafrost advanced and retreated several times under the influences of fluctuating paleo-climates and paleo-environments since the Late Pleistocene. During the last 60 years, many new data were obtained and studies were conducted on the evolution of permafrost in Northeast China, but so far no systematic summary and review have been made. Based on sedimentary sequences, remains of past permafrost, paleo-flora and-fauna records, and dating data, permafrost evolution since the Late Pleistocene has been analyzed and reconstructed in this paper. Paleo-temperatures reconstructed from the remains of past permafrost and those from paleo-flora and-fauna are compared, and thus the southern limit of permafrost(SLP) in each climate period is inferred by the relationship of the permafrost distribution and the mean annual air/ground temperatures(MAAT/MAGT). Thus, the evolutionary history of permafrost is here divided into five stages:(1) the Late Pleistocene(Last Glaciation, or LG)(65 to 10–8.5 ka), the Last Glaciation Maximum(LGM, 21–13 ka) in particular, the coldest period in the latest history with a cooling of about 6~10 ?C, characterized by extensive occurrences of glaciation, flourishing Mammathas-Coelodonta Faunal Complex(MCFC), widespread aeolian deposits, and significant sea level lowering, and permafrost greatly expanded southwards almost to the coastal plains(37?N–41?N);(2) the Holocene Megathermal Period(HMP, 8.5–7.0 to 4.0–3.0 ka), 3~5 ?C warmer than today, permafrost retreated to about 52°N;(3) the Late Holocene Cold Period(Neoglaciation)(4.0–3.0 to 1.0–0.5 ka), a cooling of 1~3 ?C, some earlier thawed permafrost was refrozen or attached, and the SLP invaded southwards to 46?N;(4) the Little Ice Age(LIA, 500 to 100–150 a), the latest cold period with significant permafrost expansion; and(5) climate warming since the last century, during which Northeast China has undergone extensive permafrost degradation. The frequent and substantial expansions and retreats of permafrost have greatly impacted cold-region environments in Northeast China. North of the SLP during the HMP, or in the present continuous permafrost zone, the existing permafrost was largely formed during the LG and was later overlapped by the permafrost formed in the Neoglaciation. To the south, it was formed in the Neoglaciation. However, many aspects of permafrost evolution still await further investigations, such as data integration, numerical reconstruction, and merging of Chinese permafrost history with those of bordering regions as well as collaboration with related disciplines. Of these, studieson the evolution and degradation of permafrost during the past 150 years and its hydrological, ecological, and environmental impacts should be prioritized.  相似文献   

Vertical distribution of Artemisia halodendron root system in relation to soil properties in Horqin Sandy Land, NE China     

YongQing Luo  XueYong Zhao  JiePing Ding  Tao Wang 《寒旱区科学》2016,8(5):411-418

Root distribution plays an important role in both vegetation establishment and restoration of degraded land through influencing soil property and vegetation growth. Root distribution at 0~60 cm depth of A. halodendron was investigated in Horqin Sandy Land. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (SN) concentration as well as carbon and nitrogen in root biomass and necromass were measured. Root length density (RLD) was estimated. Total root biomass, necromass and the RLD at 0~60 cm depth was 172 g/m², 245 g/m², and 368 m/m², respectively. Both biomass and necromass of A. halodendron roots decreased with soil depth, live roots were mainly at 0~20 cm (76% of biomass and 63% of root length), while 73% of the necromass was within 0~30 cm depth. N concentration of roots (biomass and necromass) was about 1.0% and 1.5%, respectively. There were significant differences in SOC concentration between soil layers, but insignificant for SN. Soil C/N ratio decreased with depth (P<0.05). C and N storage for belowground system at 0~60 cm decreased markedly with depth; 41.4% of C and 31.7% of N were allocated to the 0~10 cm layer. Root bio- and necromass together contained similar amount of C to that of the soil itself in the top layer. N stock was dominated by soil nitrogen at all depths, but more so in deeper layers. It is clear that differentiating between soil layers will aid in interpreting A. halodendron efficiency in soil restoration in sandy land.  相似文献   

滇西碧罗雪山花岗岩体地球化学特征及其地质意义     

罗伟 《地质与勘探》2016,52(2):261-270

碧罗雪山花岗岩体位于三江成矿带中段的左贡岩浆弧带内,由花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩和少量暗色包体组成。花岗岩类SiO_2含量67.10%~74.67%,富钾(K_2O/Na_2O=1.32~2.67)和低CaO(0.83%~2.6%),铝过饱和指数A/CNK=1.07~1.26,标准矿物中出现刚玉(1.06~3.38)。以上特征表明,该岩体为强过铝质高钾钙碱性S型花岗岩。稀土元素配分曲线呈右倾型,具弱至中等负Eu异常(δEu=0.38~0.97),相对亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素,富集Cs、Rb、Th、U、K等大离子亲石元素。研究表明花岗岩为富含长石的砂屑岩部分熔融形成,形成于挤压环境向伸展环境转换的后碰撞阶段,为临沧花岗岩基的北延部分。  相似文献   

Comparison of ground temperature response of energy pile and borehole heat exchanger during thermal response tests     

Jin Luo  Haifeng Zhao  Shuqiqang Gui  Wei Xiang  Joachim Rohn 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2016,75(22):1463

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夏季南极长城湾海流变化特征及其对浮游植物生物量的影响     

罗光富  何剑锋  张芳  蔡明红  林凌  蓝木盛 《海洋学报》2016,38(10):113-124

通过对2010/2011年夏季南极长城湾叶绿素a浓度和海流等环境参数的传感器连续观测;研究其时空变化特征及海流对浮游植物生物量的影响。结果表明;12.9 m水层叶绿素a浓度从12月中旬开始增长;直至2月上旬开始维持相对稳定;期间出现两个高值点（2.74 μg/L和3.76 μg/L）。叶绿素a浓度表现出了24 h周期变化特征;每日叶绿素a浓度最高值出现在正午前后时段的概率要高于其他时段。表层海水受西北风影响;流速较大;约为60~100 cm/s;中层和底层水体流速较小;约为10 cm/s。表层的风海流使海水在长城湾发生辐散;下层海水向上涌升;驱动了水体的垂直交换。长城湾与麦克斯韦尔湾存在水体交换;水体主要从中层进入湾内;从表层输出。长城湾的叶绿素a浓度与流速呈显著负相关;表明低流速环境有利于长城湾浮游植物的生长。  相似文献   

Spatiotemporal changes in extreme ground surface temperatures and the relationship with air temperatures in the Three-River Source Regions during 1980–2013     

Dongliang Luo  Huijun Jin  Lanzhi Lü  Jian Zhou 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2016,123(3-4):885-897

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近50年秦岭南北不均匀增温及对城市化响应   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

王钊  罗慧  李亚丽  李红梅 《应用气象学报》2016,27(1):85-94

根据1961—2012年陕西省均一化气温数据分析了秦岭南北两侧平均气温、最高气温、最低气温的年、季节变化特征,结果表明:秦岭南北两侧年平均气温、最高气温和最低气温均呈增加趋势,增加幅度南北分布不均,北麓温度增幅较南麓显著;气温季节变化存在一定差异,平均气温在春季和冬季增温显著,最高气温在春季增温显著,最低气温在冬季增温显著,秦岭南北两侧春季、秋季气温日较差变大,冬季和夏季气温日较差变小。为了进一步明确气温变化的原因,结合DMSP (defense mete-orological satellite program)/OLS (operational lines-can system) 数据将秦岭南北两侧分为5个区域,分别计算每个区域内城市化对气温变化的影响以及城市化影响的贡献率表明:秦岭北麓城市化过程较秦岭南麓快,城市化发展的差异,导致了城市化对秦岭南北两侧温度影响的不均匀性,秦岭北麓气温变化受城市化影响程度明显高于秦岭南麓,影响主要以平均气温和最低气温为主,城市化发展的差异加剧了秦岭南北两侧气温变化的非均匀性。  相似文献   

A comparative study of the segmentation of weighted aggregation and multiresolution segmentation     

Shihong Du  Zhou Guo  Wanyi Wang  Luo Guo  Juan Nie 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2016,53(5):651-670

Multiresolution segmentation (MRS) algorithm has been widely used to handle very-high-resolution (VHR) remote sensing images in the past decades. Unfortunately, segmentation quality is limited by the dependency of parameter selection on users’ experience and diverse images. Contrarily, the segmentation by weighted aggregation (SWA) can partly overcome the above limitations and produce an optimal segmentation for maximizing the homogeneity within segments and the heterogeneity across segments. However, SWA is solely tested and justified with digital photos in computer vision field instead of VHR images. This study aims at evaluating SWA performance on VHR imagery. First, multiscale spectral, shape, and texture features are defined to measure homogeneity of image objects for segmentation. Second, SWA is implemented to handle QuickBird, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and GF-1 VHR images and further compared with MRS in eCognition software to demonstrate the applicability of SWA to diverse images in building, vegetation and water, forest stands, farmland, and mountain areas. Third, the results are fully evaluated with quantitative measurements on segmented objects and classification-based accuracy assessment on geographic information system vector data. The results indicate that SWA can produce higher quality segmentations, need fewer parameters and manual interventions, create fewer segmentation levels, incorporate more features, and obtain larger classification accuracy than MRS.  相似文献   

A modified inverse procedure for calibrating parameters in a land subsidence model and its field application in Shanghai,China     

Yue Luo  Shujun Ye  Jichun Wu  Hanmei Wang  Xun Jiao 《Hydrogeology Journal》2016,24(3):711-725

Land-subsidence prediction depends on an appropriate subsidence model and the calibration of its parameter values. A modified inverse procedure is developed and applied to calibrate five parameters in a compacting confined aquifer system using records of field data from vertical extensometers and corresponding hydrographs. The inverse procedure of COMPAC (InvCOMPAC) has been used in the past for calibrating vertical hydraulic conductivity of the aquitards, nonrecoverable and recoverable skeletal specific storages of the aquitards, skeletal specific storage of the aquifers, and initial preconsolidation stress within the aquitards. InvCOMPAC is modified to increase robustness in this study. There are two main differences in the modified InvCOMPAC model (MInvCOMPAC). One is that field data are smoothed before diagram analysis to reduce local oscillation of data and remove abnormal data points. A robust locally weighted regression method is applied to smooth the field data. The other difference is that the Newton-Raphson method, with a variable scale factor, is used to conduct the computer-based inverse adjustment procedure. MInvCOMPAC is then applied to calibrate parameters in a land subsidence model of Shanghai, China. Five parameters of aquifers and aquitards at 15 multiple-extensometer sites are calibrated. Vertical deformation of sedimentary layers can be predicted by the one-dimensional COMPAC model with these calibrated parameters at extensometer sites. These calibrated parameters could also serve as good initial values for parameters of three-dimensional regional land subsidence models of Shanghai.  相似文献