Identifying Controls on Water Chemistry of Tropical Cloud Forest Catchments: Combining Descriptive Approaches and Multivariate Analysis     

Amelie Bücker  Patricio Crespo  Hans-Georg Frede  Kellie Vaché  Felipe Cisneros  Lutz Breuer 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2010,16(1):127-149

We investigated controls on the water chemistry of a South Ecuadorian cloud forest catchment which is partly pristine, and partly converted to extensive pasture. From April 2007 to May 2008 water samples were taken weekly to biweekly at nine different subcatchments, and were screened for differences in electric conductivity, pH, anion, as well as element composition. A principal component analysis was conducted to reduce dimensionality of the data set and define major factors explaining variation in the data. Three main factors were isolated by a subset of 10 elements (Ca²⁺, Ce, Gd, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, Nd, Rb, Sr, Y), explaining around 90% of the data variation. Land-use was the major factor controlling and changing water chemistry of the subcatchments. A second factor was associated with the concentration of rare earth elements in water, presumably highlighting other anthropogenic influences such as gravel excavation or road construction. Around 12% of the variation was explained by the third component, which was defined by the occurrence of Rb and K and represents the influence of vegetation dynamics on element accumulation and wash-out. Comparison of base- and fast flow concentrations led to the assumption that a significant portion of soil water from around 30 cm depth contributes to storm flow, as revealed by increased rare earth element concentrations in fast flow samples. Our findings demonstrate the utility of multi-tracer principal component analysis to study tropical headwater streams, and emphasize the need for effective land management in cloud forest catchments.  相似文献   

ISO Spectroscopy of Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies     

D. Lutz  R. Genzel  D. Kunze  D. Rigopoulou  H.W.W. Spoon  E. Sturm  D. Tran  A.F.M. Moorwood 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1999,266(1-2):85-90

Spectroscopy from the Infrared Space Observatory ISO has for the first timeprovided the sensitivity to exploit the diagnostic power ofmid-infrared fine structure lines and PAH features for the study ofultraluminous infrared galaxies (L_IR >10¹² L ). We report on observations obtainedwith SWS, ISOPHOT-S, and the CVF option of ISOCAM. From both fine structure lines and PAH features, we find that the majority of ULIRGs is predominantlypowered by star formation. Our total sample of about 75 ULIRGs allows tosearch for trends within the class of ULIRGs: The fraction of AGNs increaseswith luminosity above 3 × 10¹²L but there is no obvioustrend for ULIRGs to be more AGN-like with more advanced merger phase.  相似文献   

Der Brechungsindexgradient für elektromagnetische Wellen (Cm-bis M-Band) in der maritimen Grenzschicht der Atmosphäre     

Karl Brocks  Lutz Hasse 《Ocean Dynamics》1956,9(5):217-221

Zusammenfassung Für ein in der Abhandlung von K. Brocks [1955] abgeleitetes Verfahren der Berechnung von Brechungsindex-Profilen unmittelbar über dem Meer werden weitere Hilfsmittel angegeben, insbesondere eine graphische Psychrometertafel (Tafel 8), aus der der Dampfdruck der Luft [in mb] als Funktion der Temperatur des feuchten und trockenen Thermometers entnommen werden kann, und ein Diagramm des Wasserdampfdrucks und des Sättigungsdampfdruckes der Luft sowie der relativen Luftfeuchtigkeit als Funktion der Lufttemperatur (Tafel 9).Es wird ferner ein Kurzverfahren mitgeteilt, das eine schnelle Berechnung des Brechungsindexprofils über dem Meer ermöglicht aus Messungen der Lufttemperatur, Luftfeuchtigkeit, Windgeschwindigkeit und Wassertemperatur. Hierfür wird ein Diagramm gegeben (Tafel 10), das den BrechungswertN=(n–1) 10^–6 als Funktion der Temperatur des trockenen und des feuchten Thermometers bzw. der Wassertemperatur enthält.

---

On the gradient of the refractive index of electro-magnetic waves (centimetre-to metre-waves) in the maritime boundary layer of the atmosphere. 2^nd article

Summary The present paper adds further aids to the method developed by K. Brocks [1955] for the computation of the curves of the refractive index occurring immediately above the sea surface. These aids, before all, consist in a graphical psychrometer plate (plate 8) and a diagramme (plate 9). Plate 8 permits to derive from it the vapour pressure of the air [in mb] as a function of temperature to be read from dry bulb and a wet bulb thermometres. Plate 9 represents the water vapour pressure and the saturation pressure of the air as well as relative humidity of the air as a function of air temperature.Besides, an abbreviated method is discussed permitting a time-saving computation of the curves of the refractive index above sea surface from measurements of air temperature, atmospheric moisture, wind velocity, and water temperature. This computation is carried out with the aid of a diagram (plate 10), giving the refractive valueN=(n–1) 10^–6 as a function of the temperature, measured with a dry bulb and a wet bulb thermometre, or as a function of the water temperature, respectively.

---

Sur le gradient de l'indice de réfraction des ondes électromagnétiques (de 0,1 m à 1m), présentes dans la couche limite maritime de l'atmosphère. 2^e article

Résumé Le travail actuel ajoute à la méthode développée par K. Brocks [1955] d'autres moyens pour le calcul des courbures du gradient de l'indice de réfraction se présentant immédiatement au-dessus de la surface de la mer. Ces moyens se composent surtout d'une représentation graphique des valeurs psychométriques (planche 8) et d'un diagramme (planche 9). La planche 8 permet d'en tirer la pression de vapeur de l'air [en mb] en fonction de températures indiquées sur de thermomètres mouillés ou sur de thermomètres secs. La planche 9 montre la pression de vapeur d'eau et la tension de vapeur saturante de l'air ainsi que l'humidité relative de l'air en fonction de la température de l'air.De plus, une méthode abbréviée est présentée qui permet de calculer, sans perdre beaucoup de temps, au moyen des mesures de la température de l'air et de l'eau, de l'humidité de l'air et de la vitesse du vent, la courbure de l'indice de réfraction au-dessus de la mer. Ce calcul se fait à l'aide d'un diagramme (planche 10) qui donne la valeur de réfractionN=(n}-1) 10^–6 en fonction de la température du thermomètre sec et du thermomètre mouillé ou la représente respectivement en fonction de la température de l'eau.

  相似文献   

Hydrogen bonding in basic copper salts: a spectroscopic study of malachite,Cu2(OH)2CO3, and brochantite,Cu4(OH)6SO4     

M. Schmidt  H. D. Lutz 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1993,20(1):27-32

Infrared and Raman spectra of the basic copper salts malachite, Cu₂(OH)₂CO₃, and brochantite, Cu₄(OH)₆SO₄, as well as of deuterated and ¹³C substituted samples are presented and discussed in terms of group theory and the hydrogen bonds present. The main results are that (i) the hydrogen donor strengths of the OH^? ions are strongly increased due to the very great synergetic effect of the copper ions, (ii) the acceptor strengths of the H-bond acceptor groups (SO₄ ^2-, CO₃ ^2-, and OH^? ions) are significantly modified by the linkage and coordination of the acceptor atoms — this complicates true assignment of the OH bands observed to the two and six different OH^? ions present in malachite and brochantite, respectively -, and (iii) the Cu — O stretching modes at 430–590 cm^?1 and 420–520 cm^?1 for malachite and brochantite, respectively, exhibit strong, partially covalent Cu — O bonding.  相似文献   

Heavy metals in the Baltic Sea     

Lutz Brügmann 《Marine pollution bulletin》1981,12(6):214-218

  相似文献   

Shift — fortran IV program for shift and share-analysis     

Dr. Dipl. Math. Lutz Blumhagen  Dr. Gert Eichler 《GeoJournal》1977,1(6):17-24

  相似文献   

Characterization of sediments in an abandoned mining area; a case study of Mansfeld region,Germany   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Rainer?WennrichEmail author  Jürgen?Mattusch  Peter?Morgenstern  Klaus?Freyer  Hanns-Christian?Treutler  Hans-Joachim?St?rk  Lutz?Brüggemann  Albrecht?Paschke  Birgit?Daus  Holger?Weiss 《Environmental Geology》2004,45(6):818-833

The distribution of selected heavy metals, including some radionuclides, metalloids and non-metals was determined in stream sediments in a region influenced by abandoned copper mining and ore processing activities. A considerable amount of the ore processing waste with a very complex composition and highly elevated concentrations of zinc, sulfur, lead, copper, arsenic, and a lot of other elements in the range between 100 and 1,000 mg/kg (Sb, Mn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Hg, and Ag) was piled up on mine dumps. The dispersion of the pollutants originating from this source and their environmental impact were investigated. Both, sediments and original waste material were studied to indicate the pathways and the mobilization behavior of different pollutants. For this purpose, the process of the elution of pollutants by application of different fractionation schemes was studied. The capabilities of different analytical techniques are shown for the analysis of solid samples (X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, Gamma-spectrometry) and liquid ones (ICP-atomic emission spectrometry, ICP-mass spectrometry and different techniques of atomic absorption). Additionally, the coupling of ion chromatography and ICP-MS detection was used to study the distribution of arsenic species in the sediment cores of a lake which acts as a natural sink for the region.  相似文献   

A Fully Depleted pn-Junction CCD for Infrared-, UV- and X- ray detection     

C. von Zanthier  H. Bräuninger  K. Dennerl  R. Hartmann  G. Hartner  H. Hippmann  A. Kaltenberger  E. Kastelic  W. Kink  N. Krause  N. Meidinger  G. Metzner  E. Pfeffermann  M. Popp  C. Reppin  J. Riedl  D. Stötter  L. Strüder  J. Trümper  W. Weber  D. Carathanassis  S. Engelhard  Th. Gebhart  D. Hauff  G. Lutz  R. H. Richter  H. Seitz  P. Solc  E. Biehler  H. Böttcher  E. Kendziorra  J. Krämer  B. Pflüger  R. Staubert  P. Holl  J. Kemmer  P. Lechner  B. Maier  H. Soltau  R. Stötter  E. Bihler 《Experimental Astronomy》1998,8(1):89-96

This paper describes the performance of the Fully Depleted pn-junction CCD (pn-CCD) system, developed for ESA's XMM-satellite mission for soft x-ray imaging and spectroscopy in the single photon counting mode in the 100 eV to 10 keV photon range. The 58 mm x 60 mm large pn-CCD array, designed and fabricated at the Semiconductor Lab (Halbleiterlabor) of the Max-Planck-Institut, uses pn-junctions for registers and as backside structure. This concept naturally enables full depletion of the detector volume independent of the silicon wafer's resistivity and thickness, and as such make it an efficient detector for the x-ray region and the infrared. For high detection efficiency in the soft x-ray region and UV, an ultrathin pn-CCD backside deadlayer has been realized. Each pn-CCD-channel is equipped with its own on-chip JFET amplifier which, in combination with the CAMEX-amplifier and multiplexing chip, facilitates parallel readout and fast data rate: the cooled pn-CCD system can be read out at a data rate up to 3 MHz with an electronic noise floor of ENC < 5 e-.  相似文献   

Detection of the Kuiper bands in the spectrum of Titan     

Robert G. Danehy  Tobias Owen  Barry L. Lutz  Jerry H. Woodman 《Icarus》1978,35(2):247-251

3ew spectra of Titan centered at 7500 Å, at resolutions of 4 and 1 Å are presented. Weak absorptions coincident with features observed in the spectra of Uranus and Neptune are found. This observation suggests methane abundances in excess of 1 km-am, thereby emphasizing the complexity of line formation in Titan's atmosphere. The question of the total atmospheric pressure of Titan must be reexamined.  相似文献   

The B-band luminosities of quasar host galaxies     

Knud Jahnke  Lutz Wisotzki 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2003,346(1):304-318

  相似文献