The Electron Energy Spectrum from Large Solar Flares   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

G. M. Simnett 《Solar physics》2006,237(2):383-395

We report on the differential electron spectrum for intense transient events seen at one AU by the EPAM instrument on the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) spacecraft. Over an observing period from September 1997 to September 2005, there were 45 major events that could be reliably identified with a source flare on the Sun. In the ∼40 – 300 keV energy range, the electron spectral index was between one and three for all but two of the events. Twenty-five of the events were associated with Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) X-ray class X flares. We compare this result with the spectral index measured from electron pulse events, lasting approx. one hour or less, where the spectral index is typically much softer than three. This suggests that the measured spectral index of near-relativistic electrons at one AU may be a reliable indicator of the source. We also examine the likelihood that fast coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are responsible in themselves for accelerating near-relativistic electrons and conclude that they do not.  相似文献   

A major sulphur isotope event at c. 510 Ma: a possible anoxia–extinction–volcanism connection during the Early–Middle Cambrian transition?     

M.L. Hough  G.A. Shields  L.Z. Evins  H. Strauss  R.A. Henderson  S. Mackenzie 《地学学报》2006,18(4):257-263

A new approach to constraining seawater δ³⁴S and sulphate concentration using francolite‐bound sulphate reveals an abrupt increase in δ³⁴S to +50‰ around the Early–Middle Cambrian boundary. Such high δ³⁴S values are best explained by increased rates of pyrite burial due to ocean anoxia coupled with an increased sensitivity of the ocean sulphate reservoir to perturbations due to low sulphate concentrations of 500–700 μgL^?1. We argue that the spread of anoxic waters at this time was partly the result of greenhouse warming related to the eruption of the Kalkarindji Large Igneous Province of northern Australia and that it triggered the collapse of early metazoan reef ecosystems during the latest Early Cambrian. Mass extinctions of the last 260 Myr have all coincided with enhanced volcanic activity, while several are also associated with positive shifts in seawater δ³⁴S. Extending this correlation back in time further implicates volcanically induced climate change as a major determining factor in biosphere evolution. Terra Nova, 18, 257–263, 2006  相似文献   

Effect of the star limb darkening law on the probabilities of discovering detached close binary stars as eclipsing variables     

O. V. Eretnova  M. A. Svechnikov  M. A. Ebel 《Astrophysics》2006,49(1):131-148

The probabilities of discovering detached close binary (type DM) stars as eclipsing variables are calculated as a function of the mass of the main component, mass ratio, major semiaxis, and angle of inclination of the orbit. The case of total limb darkening (hypothesis “D”) is examined. This is compared with earlier results for uniformly bright stellar disks (hypothesis “U”). Based on data from Svechnikov and Kuznetsova’s Catalog of Approximate Photometric and Absolute Elements of Eclipsing Variables, the spatial density of stars of this type in the neighborhood of the sun is estimated to be ≈ 460 · 10 ⁻⁶ pc⁻³. __________ Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 151–169 (February 2006).  相似文献   

Long-Period Variations of the Eccentricity Vector Valid also for Near Circular Orbits around a Non-Spherical Body     

Florent Deleflie  Gilles Métris  Pierre Exertier 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2006,94(1):83-104

This paper studies the long period variations of the eccentricity vector of the orbit of an artificial satellite, under the influence of the gravity field of a central body. We use modified orbital elements which are non-singular at zero eccentricity. We expand the long periodic part of the corresponding Lagrange equations as power series of the eccentricity. The coefficients characterizing the differential system depend on the zonal coefficients of the geopotential, and on initial semi-major axis, inclination, and eccentricity. The differential equations for the components of the eccentricity vector are then integrated analytically, with a definition of the period of the perigee based on the notion of “free eccentricity”, and which is also valid for circular orbits. The analytical solution is compared to a numerical integration. This study is a generalization of (Cook, Planet. Space Sci., 14, 1966): first, the coefficients involved in the differential equations depend on all zonal coefficients (and not only on the very first ones); second, our method applies to nearly circular orbits as well as to not too eccentric orbits. Except for the critical inclination, our solution is valid for all kinds of long period motions of the perigee, i.e., circulations or librations around an equilibrium point.  相似文献   

The HNCO ring in the Sgr B2 region     

Y.C. Minh  W.M. Irvine   《New Astronomy》2006,11(8):594-599

The large-scale structure associated with the 2′N HNCO peak in Sgr B2 [Minh, Y.C., Haikala, L., Hjalmarson, Å., Irvine, W.M., 1998. ApJ 498, 261 (Paper I)] has been investigated. A ring-like morphology of the HNCO emission has been found; this structure may be colliding with the Principal Cloud of Sgr B2. This “HNCO Ring” appears to be centered at (l,b) = (0.7°,−0.07°), with a radius of 5 pc and a total mass of 1.0 × 10⁵ to 1.6 × 10⁶ M. The expansion velocity of the Ring is estimated to be 30–40 km s⁻¹, which gives an expansion time scale of 1.5 × 10⁵ year. The morphology suggests that collision between the Ring and the Principal Cloud may be triggering the massive star formation in the Sgr B2 cloud sequentially, with the latest star formation taking place at the 2′N position. The chemistry related to HNCO is not certain yet, but if it forms mainly via reaction with the evaporated OCN⁻ from icy grain mantles, the observed enhancement of the HNCO abundance can be understood as resulting from shocks associated with the collision between the Principal Cloud and the expanding HNCO Ring.  相似文献   

Colour variability of asteroids in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Moving Object Catalog     

Gy. M. Szabó  &#;. Ivezi&#; †  M. Juri&#;  R. Lupton  L. L. Kiss 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2004,348(3):987-998

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The 2dF QSO Redshift Survey – XII. The spectroscopic catalogue and luminosity function     

S. M. Croom  R. J. Smith  B. J. Boyle  T. Shanks  L. Miller  P. J. Outram  N. S. Loaring 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2004,349(4):1397-1418

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High-resolution observations of a complete sample of 27 FR II radio galaxies and quasars with 0.3 < z < 0.6     

G. M. Gilbert  J. M. Riley  M. J. Hardcastle  J. H. Croston  G. G. Pooley  P. Alexander 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2004,351(3):845-890

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Radiation exposure and Mission Strategies for Interplanetary Manned Missions (REMSIM)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

C. Cougnet  N. B. Crosby  S. Eckersley  C. Foullon  V. Guarnieri  S. Guatelli  D. Heynderickx  A. Holmes-Siedle  C. Lobascio  S. Masiello  P. Nieminen  G. Parisi  P. Parodi  M. A. Perino  M. G. Pia  R. Rampini  P. Spillantini  V. Tamburini  E. Tracino 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2004,94(3-4):279-285

Cosmic radiation is an important problem for human interplanetary missions. The “Radiation Exposure and Mission Strategies for Interplanetary Manned Missions–REMSIM” study is summarised here. They are related to current strategies and countermeasures to ensure the protection of astronauts from radiation during interplanetary missions, with specific reference to: radiation environment and its variability; radiation effects on the crew; transfer trajectories and associated fluences; vehicle and surface habitat concepts; passive and active shielding concepts; space weather monitoring and warning systems.  相似文献   

Chemical alteration of tephra in the depositional environment: theoretical stability modelling     

A. M. Pollard  S. P. E. Blockley  K. R. Ward 《第四纪科学杂志》2003,18(5):385-394

The study of the chemical stability of vitreous material in aqueous media is well‐established. There has to date been little consideration of the implications of variations in the chemical durability of tephra in Quaternary tephrochronology. Chemical alteration can take the form of cationic leaching from the matrix, or complete destruction of the silica network, either of which could constrain the ability to chemically identify distal tephra. Here we apply established models of vitreous durability to the published chemical analyses of a large number of Icelandic tephras in order to predict their relative durabilities under equivalent conditions. This suggests that some important tephras have relatively poor chemical stability, and that rhyolitic tephras are, in general, more stable than basaltic. We conclude that tephras should be expected to show predictable differential chemical stability in the post‐depositional environment. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献