Copper Ore Identification using Spectral Similarity Measurement from Hyperion Image,Mapping of Porphyry Copper Mineralized Zone     

Krishnendu Banerjee  Manish Kumar Jain 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2018,91(2):239-247

This work illustrates the effectiveness of hyperspectal image spectroscopy and lab spectroscopy in identification techniques of minerals in alteration zone of ore body. The adopted procedure involves testing of Hyperion image spectra, their processing for noise, spectral matching and spectral similarity measurement with selected library spectra. Average weighted spectral similarity; visual and statistical matching techniques were used to select end-members from image spectra. Minimum noise fraction and pixel purity index technique were used to retrieve end-member spectra from hyperion image. Hyperspectral image like hyperion has the capability to deliver laboratory standard spectroscopic result. This paper illustrates the capability of hyperion image spectra in copper ore identification and mapping of chalcopyrite outcrop. A systematic approach has been made in this paper. This approach describes how image end member spectra and laboratory spectra can be co-related to fetch accurate spectral form of chalcopyrite ores. Thus, statistical and graphical comparison has been carried out between image derived end member spectra and laboratory spectra of chalcopyrite for better accuracy. The visual measurements is satisfactory, R = 0.973 for fine and 0.976 for medium grained chalcopyrite ore. Excellent statistical significance levels (90–97%) are found while comparing these spectra. There are many success stories of sub-pixel and N-dimensional feature space methods to separate the hydrothermal alteration zones from iron oxide mixed ore bodies. Thus, unmixing methods are very useful for mapping of most dominating mineral parts of a pixel from hyperspectral images which have coarse spatial resolution. Finally, mapping of mineralized zone has been achieved through sub-pixel based classifiers like spectral angle mapper (SAM), constrained energy minimization (CEM) and adaptive coherence estimator (ACE) techniques.  相似文献   

Fractal Analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">In Situ</Emphasis> Host Rock Nepheline Syenite Xenoliths in a Micro-Shonkinite Dyke (The Elchuru Alkaline Complex,SE India)     

B. Nagaraju  Sachin S. Ghodke  K. Rathna  Gaurav J. Kokandakar  Laxman B. More  Munjaji V. Bhosle  K. Vijaya Kumar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2018,91(3):263-272

Formation of the fragments of the wall-rock during dyking is one of the important manifestations of instantaneous magmatic events. This process is well documented at shallower depths of Earth’s crust but not at deeper levels. In this paper the in situ xenoliths of host rock nepheline syenite within a micro-shonkinite dyke emplaced at mid-crustal depths is described and the fractal theory applied to evaluate origin of the xenoliths. The nepheline syenite xenoliths are angular to oval shaped and sub-millimetre to ~50 cm long. The xenoliths are matrix supported with clasts and matrix being in equal proportions. Partly detached wall-rock fragments indicate incipient xenolith formation, which suggested that the model fragmentation processes is solely due to dyke emplacement. Fractal analytical techniques including clast size distribution, boundary roughness fractal dimension and clast circularity was carried out. The fractal data suggests that hydraulic (tensile) fracturing is the main process of host rock brecciation. However, the clast size and shape are further affected by postfragmentation processes including shear and thermal fracturing, and chemical erosion. The study demonstrates that dyking in an isotropic medium produces fractal size distributions of host rock xenoliths; however, post-fragmentation processes modify original fractal size distributions.  相似文献   

Carbon isotope and REE characteristics of the Paleocene–Eocene shallow marine Subathu formation from the NW Himalaya (India) and their paleo-environmental implications     

Matsyendra Kumar Shukla  Anupam Sharma 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2018,78(3):314-322

Carbon isotope (δ¹³C) and rare earth element (REE) concentrations in representative samples of the shallow marine Subathu Formation, explored from the Neelkanth and Dogadda sections of Northwestern Himalaya (India) were determined to infer the palaeo-environmental condition during the late Paleocene and middle Eocene. δ¹³C values show variation of ～5.0‰ with maximum excursion (?27.34‰) in calcareous sandstone at the basal part and minimum (?22‰) in red shale towards the terminal end. Total REE concentration varies (due to lithology) from 27.23?ppm to 564.35?ppm with an average of 187.60?ppm. The chondrite and PAAS normalized patterns exhibit positive Ce anomaly (0.95–4.45), enriched LREE, and depleted HREE, medium Y/Ho ratio (～30–45) along with positive correlation between Y/Dy and Y/Ho ratio. In addition, calcite veins present in some shale samples indicate redox sensitive trace elements. The overall REE abundance and distribution suggests highly oxygenated environment under the shallow marine regressive phase of deposition. The depositional setting, biostratigraphical constrained age along with δ¹³C values and lower TOC suggested an intense warm period, that might be coeval with the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maxima event (PETM).  相似文献   

Record of Leaf and Pollen cf. <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sloanea</Emphasis> (Elaeocarpaceae) from the Middle Siwalik of Darjeeling sub-Himalaya,India and its Palaeobiogeographic Implications     

Sandip More  Rajarshi Rit  Mahasin Ali Khan  Dipak Kumar Paruya  Suchana Taral  Tapan Chakraborty  Subir Bera 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2018,91(3):301-306

Fossil leaf impressions and pollen grains comparable to modern Sloanea sp. of Elaeocarpaceae collected from the middle part of the Siwalik sediments (Geabdat Sandstone Formation; Pliocene) in Darjeeling foothills of eastern Himalaya are reported in the present communication. On the basis of macro morphological features, leaf remains are described as a new species Sloanea siwalika sp. nov. This is the first authentic record of the occurrence of leaf and pollen grains comparable to the genus Sloanea L. from the Cenozoic sediments of India and Asia as well. The recovery of this species and other earlier-described evergreen taxa from the same formation, suggests the existence of a tropical, warm and humid climatic conditions during the depositional period. The present study further suggests that after Pliocene the taxon might have shifted from Darjeeling Himalayan region to the adjoining southeast Asian land masses, due to possible climate change caused by post-Pliocene orogenic movement of the Himalaya.  相似文献   

Flood Frequency Analysis of Betwa River,Madhya Pradesh India     

H. K. Pandey  Shivam Dwivedi  Kamlesh Kumar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2018,92(3):286-290

Flood is common phenomena worldwide since time immemorial. Recently the change in climatic parameters has drastically affected the pattern and magnitude of flood. India being one of the tropical country face flood and drought situations every year, therefore it needs accurate assessment and forecast of flood for proper management of natural resources.An attempt has been made through the present study which consists frequency analysis on maximum daily discharge data in Betwa river at Basoda, Mohana and Shahijina gauging stations in Madhya Pradesh state using Gumbel’s Extreme value distribution and Log Pearson Type-3 distribution for 20 years period (1993-2012).The result shows that Log Pearson Type-3 distribution is better suited for Betwa basin. The results can be used by civil engineers for deciding the dimensions of hydraulic structures such as spillways, dams, bridges etc. Floods are forecasted for the different return periods for Betwa river.  相似文献   

Assessment of Groundwater Quality of the Central Gangetic Plain Area of India Using Geospatial and WQI Techniques     

Dharmendra Kumar Verma  Gouri Sankar Bhunia  Pravat Kumar Shit  Ashwani Kumar Tiwari 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2018,91(6):743-748

The paper presents results of research to determine the health risk of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soils of gold mining area in Ilesha, Southwestern Nigeria. Eighteen top soil samples were collected and analysed for PTEs using ICPMS. The pollution level in soils were assessed using pollution load index (PLI) and potential ecological risk index (PERI). The human health risk was assessed using hazard index (HI), non-carcinogenic risk index and carcinogenic risk index. All the PTEs were higher than crustal average values except Fe and follow the order Mn > Ba > Cr > Zn > Cu > Ni > Pb > Co >Fe > As > Cd. The soil samples can be classified as unpolluted to moderately polluted (0.18-1.23) and low risk (15.28-94.24) based on PLI and PERI respectively. The values of hazard Index (HI) calculated for child and adult population for all the pathways were <1 and pose no obvious non carcinogenic risk to the population except for ingestion pathway where 33% of the samples showed value >1 in child population. As, Co, Cd and Pb constituted high cancer risk in the study area with child at higher risk than adult. The Total Cancer Risk (TCR) in the study area based on all the pathways ranges between 0.19 -3.86 and 0.18-3.58 for child and adult respectively and the ingestion route seems to be the major contributor to excess lifetime cancer risk followed by the dermal pathway.  相似文献   

Spectral Analysis of Magnetic data in the Ajmer-Sambar Sector,North-Central Rajasthan     

K. Satish Kumar  S. Parveen Begum  G. S. Srinivas  M. Shri Hari Rao  P. Prabhakara Prasad  T. Seshunarayna  R. K. Tiwari 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2018,92(3):368-372

Ajmer-Sambar sector of Delhi fold belt, North-Central Rajasthan has got importance due to its litho characters, structure, metamorphism, magmatism, migmatisation, metallogeny and rich potential of base metal mineralization. This sector is comprised of Delhi sequence of rocks hosted by the Banded Gneisses Complex (BGC). In view of the significance of this region, ground magnetic survey was conducted along six regional profiles to understand the structural features, magnetic nature of the basement and depth to the basement. Analysis of the magnetic data has clearly identified two magnetic lineaments (a) L1 in WNW-ESE direction that appears to represent litho-contact between Kalyanpura sequences in the south to Anasagar migmatite in the north and (b) L2 in NNW to SSE direction south of Parvatsar which is inferred to be a structural control about which the quartzite rocks of Taragarh Formation culminate. An average depth to basement of 3.7 km is estimated through spectral analysis of magnetic data. The maximum depth of the basin 4.5 km is estimated in central part of the study area. The obtained depth results are in good agreement with the Cummulative Total Intensity Magnetic Anomaly field (CTIMAF) and Deep seismic stuides.  相似文献   

Estimation of Natural Radionuclides and Exhalation Rate in Surface Soils of Four Districts of Haryana,India     

Amanjeet Panghal  Ajay Kumar  Suneel Kumar  Joga Singh  Parminder Singh  B. S. Bajwa 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2018,91(6):695-699

A fossil wood of Lagerstroemia L. from the Upper Siwalik sediments of Arunachal Pradesh is described. The genus is recorded for the first time from this state. The modern analog of the fossil species i.e. L. tomentosa C. Presl is not found in the fossil locality at present.. The most plausible reason for the disappearance of the species from the fossil locality is an increase in temperature seasonality caused by the upheaval of the Himalaya during the Pleistocene.  相似文献   

Prediction of spatial soil organic carbon distribution using Sentinel-2A and field inventory data in Sariska Tiger Reserve     

Pavan Kumar  Haroon Sajjad  Bismay Ranjan Tripathy  Raihan Ahmed  Vinay Prasad Mandal 《Natural Hazards》2018,90(2):693-704

Dynamic and vigorous top soil is the source for healthy flora, fauna, and humans, and soil organic matters are the underpinning for healthy and productive soils. Organic components in the soil play significant role in stimulating soil productivity processes and vegetation development. This article deals with the scientific demand for estimating soil organic carbon (SOC) in forest using geospatial techniques. We assessed distribution of SOC using field and satellite data in Sariska Tiger Reserve located in the Aravalli Hill Range, India. This study utilized the visible and near-infrared reflectance data of Sentinel-2A satellite. Three predictor variables namely Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index, and Renormalized Difference Vegetation Index were derived to examine the relationship between soil and SOC and to identify the biophysical characteristic of soil. Relationship between SOC (ground and predicted) and leaf area index (LAI) measured through satellite data was examined through regression analysis. Coefficient of correlation (R ²) was found to be 0.95 (p value < 0.05) for predicted SOC and satellite measured LAI. Thus, LAI can effectively be used for extracting SOC using remote sensing data. Soil organic carbon stock map generated through Kriging model for Landsat 8 OLI data demonstrated variation in spatial SOC stocks distribution. The model with 89% accuracy has proved to be an effective tool for predicting spatial distribution of SOC stocks in the study area. Thus, optical remote sensing data have immense potential for predicting SOC at larger scale.  相似文献   

Fluvial geochemistry of Subarnarekha River basin,India     

Abhay Kumar Singh  Soma Giri  Aaditya Chaturvedi 《Journal of Earth System Science》2018,127(8):119

The fluvial geochemistry of the Subarnarekha River and its major tributaries has been studied on a seasonal basis in order to assess the geochemical processes that explain the water composition and estimate solute fluxes. The analytical results show the mildly acidic to alkaline nature of the Subarnarekha River water and the dominance of \(\hbox {Ca}^{2+}\) and \(\hbox {Na}^{+}\) in cationic and \(\hbox {HCO}_{3}^{-}\) and \({\hbox {Cl}}^{-}\) in anionic composition. Minimum ionic concentration during the monsoon and maximum concentration in the pre-monsoon seasons reflect concentrating effects due to decrease in the river discharge and increase in the base flow contribution during the pre-monsoon and dilution effects of atmospheric precipitation in the monsoon season. The solute acquisition processes are mainly controlled by weathering of rocks, with minor contribution from marine and anthropogenic sources. Higher contribution of alkaline earth \((\hbox {Ca}^{2+}{+}\,\hbox {Mg}^{2+})\) to the total cations \((\hbox {TZ}^{+})\) and high \((\hbox {Na}^{+}+\hbox {K}^{+})/\hbox {Cl}^{-}\), \((\hbox {Na}^{+}+\hbox {K}^{+})/\hbox {TZ}^{+}\), \(\hbox {HCO}_{3}^{-}/(\hbox {SO}_{4}^{2-}+\hbox {Cl}^{-})\) and low \((\hbox {Ca}^{2+}+\hbox {Mg}^{2+})/(\hbox {Na}^{+}+\hbox {K}^{+})\) equivalent ratios suggest that the Subarnarekha River water is under the combined influence of carbonate and silicate weathering. The river water is undersaturated with respect to dolomite and calcite during the post-monsoon and monsoon seasons and oversaturated in the pre-monsoon season. The pH–log \(\hbox {H}_{4}\hbox {SiO}_{4}\) stability diagram demonstrates that the water chemistry is in equilibrium with the kaolinite. The Subarnarekha River annually delivered \(1.477\times 10^{6}\) ton of dissolved loads to the Bay of Bengal, with an estimated chemical denudation rate of \(77\hbox { ton km}^{-2}\hbox { yr}^{-1}\). Sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate and per cent sodium values placed the studied river water in the ‘excellent to good quality’ category and it can be safely used for irrigation.  相似文献