Metals in the Aquatic Environment—Interactions and Implications for the Speciation and Bioavailability: A Critical Overview     

Rute?F.?DomingosEmail author  Alexandre?Gélabert  Sara?Carreira  Ana?Cordeiro  Yann?Sivry  Marc?F.?Benedetti 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2015,21(2-4):231-257

  相似文献   

Estimating Benefits in a Recovering Estuary: Tampa Bay,Florida     

Marc Russell  Holly Greening 《Estuaries and Coasts》2015,38(1):9-18

Restoration and preservation of riparian forests and coastal marshes provides nutrient removal and other biochemical and physical functions which may preclude, reduce, or delay the need for additional water treatment, while also protecting human health. We examined the ecosystem goods and related potential cost savings for the Tampa Bay community from seagrass expansion (more than 3,100 ha since 1990), coastal marsh, and mangrove restoration/recovery (more than 600 ha since 1990), and habitat that has been maintained or preserved. Habitats in and around Tampa Bay provide nutrient reductions equivalent to just over US$22 million per year in avoided wastewater treatment plant costs. Future accrual of value associated with maintaining the ecosystem good of usable clean water could rapidly increase to as high as ～US$3 billion per year, when one takes into account the additional costs of water treatment and storm water diversion infrastructure that is likely as the region’s population continues to grow. There is additional value accrual close to a quarter million dollars per year based on avoided social costs to the global community due to greenhouse gases sequestered by bay habitats. Most human beneficiaries associated with the maintenance of usable clean water in Tampa Bay are part of the surrounding regional community. The large current and future cost savings for the community surrounding Tampa Bay and additional benefits for the global community speak to the value of maintaining a healthy bay through past and continued restoration and preservation efforts.  相似文献   

Human Dimensions of Our Estuaries and Coasts     

David Yoskowitz  Marc Russell 《Estuaries and Coasts》2015,38(1):1-8

  相似文献   

Landslide risk assessment in a densely populated hilly area   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1  

Liesbet Vranken  Goele Vantilt  Miet Van Den Eeckhaut  Liesbeth Vandekerckhove  Jean Poesen 《Landslides》2015,12(4):787-798

  相似文献   

The Ecological Impact of Conquest and Colonization on a Medieval Frontier Landscape: Combined Palynological and Geochemical Analysis of Lake Sediments from Radzyń Chełminski,Northern Poland     

Alex Brown  Rowena Banerjea  Amanda Dawn Wynne  Normunds Stivrins  Marc Jarzebowski  Lisa‐Marie Shillito  Aleks Pluskowski 《Geoarchaeology》2015,30(6):511-527

Slavic and German colonization of the southern Baltic between the 8th and 15th centuries A.D. is well‐documented archaeologically and historically. Despite the large number of pollen profiles from Poland, few palaeoecological studies have examined the ecological impact of a process that was central to the expansion of European, Christian, societies. This study aims to redress this balance through multiproxy analysis of lake sediments from Radzyń Chełminski, Northern Poland, using pollen, element geochemistry (Inductively Coupled‐Optical Emission Spectroscopy [ICP‐OES]), organic content, and magnetic susceptibility. The close association between lake and medieval settlements presents the ideal opportunity to reconstruct past vegetation and land‐use dynamics within a well‐documented archaeological, historical, and cultural context. Three broad phases of increasing landscape impact are visible in the pollen and geochemical data dating from the 8th/9th, 10th/11th, and 13th centuries, reflecting successive phases of Slavic and German colonization. This involved the progressive clearance of oak‐hornbeam dominated woodland and the development of an increasingly open agricultural landscape. Although the castles and towns of the Teutonic Order remain the most visible signs of medieval colonization, the palynological and geochemical data demonstrate that the major phase of woodland impact occurred during the preceding phase of Slavic expansion; Germans colonists were entering a landscape already significantly altered.  相似文献   

Soil moisture-temperature feedbacks at meso-scale during summer heat waves over Western Europe     

Marc Stéfanon  Philippe Drobinski  Fabio D’Andrea  Cindy Lebeaupin-Brossier  Sophie Bastin 《Climate Dynamics》2014,42(5-6):1309-1324

This paper investigates the impact of soil moisture-temperature feedback during heatwaves occurring over France between 1989 and 2008. Two simulations of the weather research and forecasting regional model have been analysed, with two different land-surface models. One resolves the hydrology and is able to simulate summer dryness, while the other prescribes constant and high soil moisture and hence no soil moisture deficit. The sensitivity analysis conducted for all heatwave episodes highlights different soil moisture-temperature responses (1) over low-elevation plains, (2) over mountains and (3) over coastal regions. In the plains, soil moisture deficit induces less evapotranspiration and higher sensible heat flux. This has the effect of heating the planetary boundary layer and at the same time of creating a general condition of higher convective instability and a slight increase of shallow cloud cover. A positive feedback is created which increases the temperature anomaly during the heatwaves. In mountainous regions, enhanced heat fluxes over dry soil reinforce upslope winds producing strong vertical motion over the mountain slope, first triggered by thermal convection. This, jointly to the instability conditions, favors convection triggering and produces clouds and precipitation over the mountains, reducing the temperature anomaly. In coastal regions, dry soil enhances land/sea thermal contrast, strengthening sea-breeze circulation and moist cold marine air advection. This damps the magnitude of the heatwave temperature anomaly in coastal areas, expecially near the Mediterranean coast. Hence, along with heating in the plains, soil dryness can also have a significant cooling effect over mountains and coastal regions due to meso-scale circulations.  相似文献   

A new scenario framework for climate change research: background,process, and future directions     

Kristie L. Ebi  Stephane Hallegatte  Tom Kram  Nigel W. Arnell  Timothy R. Carter  Jae Edmonds  Elmar Kriegler  Ritu Mathur  Brian C. O’Neill  Keywan Riahi  Harald Winkler  Detlef P. Van Vuuren  Timm Zwickel 《Climatic change》2014,122(3):363-372

The scientific community is developing new global, regional, and sectoral scenarios to facilitate interdisciplinary research and assessment to explore the range of possible future climates and related physical changes that could pose risks to human and natural systems; how these changes could interact with social, economic, and environmental development pathways; the degree to which mitigation and adaptation policies can avoid and reduce risks; the costs and benefits of various policy mixes; and the relationship of future climate change adaptation and mitigation policy responses with sustainable development. This paper provides the background to and process of developing the conceptual framework for these scenarios, as described in the three subsequent papers in this Special Issue (Van Vuuren et al., 2013; O’Neill et al., 2013; Kriegler et al., Submitted for publication in this special issue). The paper also discusses research needs to further develop, apply, and revise this framework in an iterative and open-ended process. A key goal of the framework design and its future development is to facilitate the collaboration of climate change researchers from a broad range of perspectives and disciplines to develop policy- and decision-relevant scenarios and explore the challenges and opportunities human and natural systems could face with additional climate change.  相似文献   

Building footprint database improvement for 3D reconstruction: A split and merge approach and its evaluation     

Bruno Vallet  Marc Pierrot-DeseillignyDidier Boldo  Mathieu Brédif 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2011,66(5):732-742

We present a general framework to improve a vectorial building footprint database consisting of a set of 2D polygons. The aim of this improvement is to make the database more proper to subsequent 3D building reconstruction at a large scale. Each polygon is split into several simple polygons guided by a digital elevation model (DEM). We say that this segmentation is vectorial as we produce segmentations that intrinsically have simple polygonal shapes, instead of doing a raster segmentation of the DEM within the polygon then trying to simplify it in a vectorization step. The method is based on a Mumford and Shah like energy functional characterizing the quality of the segmentation. We simplify the problem by imposing that the segmentation edges have directions present in the input polygon over which the DEM is defined. We evaluate the validity of the proposed method on a very large dataset and discuss its pros and cons based on this evaluation.  相似文献   

Economic drivers of migration and climate change in LDCs     

Helene Bie Lilleør  Katleen Van den Broeck 《Global Environmental Change》2011

Environmental migration is a topic which has given rise to widespread debate and gloomy predictions about the state of the world in 2050, but where rigorous research and empirical evidence are unfortunately in short supply. In this paper, we review the existing research on and empirical evidence of how climate change and climate variability in Less Developed Countries (LDCs) affects two main drivers of migration identified by migration models in the economic literature, namely income level differentials between origin and destination areas and income variability in origin areas, and how they in turn affect migration. We find that there are serious gaps in both the economic and the environmental literature that render it impossible to make sound and robust predictions of how climate change and increased climate variability will affect the economic migration drivers, and of how these in turn may change existing migration patterns. There are some empirical indications that income differentials may increase due to lower income levels in the origin areas of LDCs, but virtually no evidence exists of the effects of climate change or increased climate variability on income variability. Furthermore, although a negative relationship between migration and rainfall has been established by many researchers, there is only very limited evidence as to what drives it. A clearer picture of the driving force behind the link between rainfall and migration would greatly benefit policymaking in this area.  相似文献   

Trade in ‘virtual carbon’: Empirical results and implications for policy     

Giles Atkinson  Kirk HamiltonGiovanni Ruta  Dominique Van Der Mensbrugghe 《Global Environmental Change》2011,21(2):563-574

The fact that developing countries do not have carbon emission caps under the Kyoto Protocol has led to the current interest in high income countries in border taxes on the ‘virtual’ carbon content of imports. We use GTAP data and input-output analysis to estimate the flows of virtual carbon implicit in domestic production technologies and the pattern of international trade. The results present striking evidence on the wide variation in the carbon-intensiveness of trade across countries, with major developing countries being large net exporters of virtual carbon. Our analysis suggests that a tax on virtual carbon could lead to very substantial effective tariff rates on the exports of the most carbon-intensive developing nations. As an illustration, we find that average tariff rates of 10%, 8% and 12% would be faced by imports from China, India and South Africa if carbon is taxed at $50/ton CO₂. Moreover, there is wide variation in intensiveness across sectors within countries with implications for the disparate effective tariff burdens on particulars parts of the economies of these countries. Such empirical findings, we argue, are useful for framing on-going discussions about the principles and practice of border taxes on virtual carbon.  相似文献