Strain release in relation to focal depth     

Båth  Markus  Duda  Seweryn J. 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1963,56(1):93-100

Summary The world-wide strain release in relation to focal depth has been calculated for all shocks with magnitude 7 and over for the interval 1918–1952. The strain exhibits a strong maximum in the uppermost 75 km of the earth; it decreases exponentially with depth between 75 and 400 km, with an unimportant minimum corresponding to the asthenosphere low-velocity layer and another minimum at 275 km; after a pronounced minimum between 400 and 475 km it increases again approximately exponentially between 475 and 650 km, after which it drops rapidly to zero. The shape of the strain-depth curve is interpreted in terms of the physical conditions and the intensity of strain accumulation. In particular, the increase between 475 and 650 km is ascribed to a combined effect of temperature and pressure variation with depth with related phase changes and possible changes in composition. The depth curve for the number of shocks is nearly parallel to the strain-depth curve, and the average strain per earthquake shows only an insignificant decrease with depth.

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Zusammenfassung Es wird die Tiefenabhängigkeit der Deformationsauslösung in allen Erdbeben mit Magnitude 7 und darüber, im Zeitraum 1918–1952 untersucht. Die Deformationsauslösung hat ein ausgesprochenes Maximum in den obersten 75 km. Sie nimmt im Tiefenbereich zwischen 75 und 400 km exponential mit der Tiefe ab, wobei sich ein Minimum, das der Schicht mit niedriger Wellengeschwindigkeit entspricht, schwach andeutet, und ein zweites Minimum bei 275 km liegt. Nach einem ausgeprägten Minimum zwischen 400 und 475 km Tiefe, steigt die Deformationsauslösung erneut, etwa exponential, im Tiefenbereich zwischen 475 und 650 km an, und nimmt danach schnell ab. Der Verlauf der Deformationsauslösung in Abhängigkeit von der Tiefe wird an Hand der physikalischen Verhältnisse im Erdkörper, sowie der Intensität der Deformationsaufspeicherung gedeutet. Insbesondere wird der Anstieg zwischen 475 und 650 km einer Änderung der Temperatur und des Druckes mit der Tiefe, bei Phasensprung und möglicher Änderung in der Zusammensetzung des Materials zugeschrieben. Die Tiefenabhängigkeit der Anzahl der Beben und der Deformationsauslösung verlaufen annähernd parallel; die mittlere Deformationsauslösung pro Erdbeben zeigt lediglich eine unbedeutende Abnahme mit der Tiefe.

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Identification of seismic sources—earthquake or underground explosion: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute,Oslo, September, 1980, Series C,Vol. 74. E.S. Husebye and S. Mykkeltveit (Editors). D. Reidel,Dordrecht, 1981, xii + 876 pp., Dfl.195.00, U.S.$98.00, ISBN 90-277-1320-0     

Markus Båth 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1982,27(4):307-308

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THE EFFECTS OF INACCURATE INPUT PARAMETERS ON DEPOSITION OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT     

Markus MAURER  Research Associate  Institute of Hydrosciences  University of the Federal Armed Forces Munich  Werner-Heisenberg-Weg  D- Neubiberg/Munich  Germany Youcef KELANEMER  Research Associate  Institute of Hydrosciences  University of the F 《国际泥沙研究》1997,(3)

I.~OntjcnONEngineeringPredictionsofsedimenttransPOrtinopen-Channelsystems,especiallyifunsteadyflowconditionmustbeconsidered,isfraughtwithambigUityduetospatialandtemporalvariability,measurementerrors,lumtedsamplingoftheParameters,bounceandscallconditionS,andsink/sourcetenns.Duringrecentyearsmanysophisticatedmathematicalmodelshavebecomeavailabletocalculateunsteadyflowinone,tWoorthreedimensionS.ThesemodelswillbecoupledwithtranSportequationSforbedloadorsuSpendedloadtocalculateforexamplelongt…  相似文献   

On the stability of magnetotelluric transfer function estimates and the reliability of their variances     

Markus Eisel  Gary D. Egbert 《Geophysical Journal International》2001,144(1):65-82

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The SWAN model used to study wave evolution in a flume   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Deborah J. Wood  Research Assistant  Markus Muttray  Research Engineer  Professor Hocine Oumeraci   《Ocean Engineering》2001,28(7)

The SWAN numerical model is used to model the evolution of JONSWAP wave spectra and hence the significant wave height of waves in a tank. Comparison with experiment has shown that modelling triad interactions in the numerical model leads to too low predictions of spectra and significant wave height and should therefore be excluded. The modelling of the breaking constant was also investigated, by looking at the use of a constant breaking constant, Nelson formula, and Goda formula (added into SWAN for this study). Using a constant value of 0.78 within SWAN gave the best comparison between theory and experiment.  相似文献   

Modeling the pathways and ages of inflowing salt- and freshwater in the Baltic Sea   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

H.E. Markus Meier   《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2007,74(4):610

A three-dimensional, eddy-permitting ocean circulation model with implemented bottom boundary layer model and flux-corrected transport scheme is used to calculate the pathways and ages of various water masses in the Baltic Sea. The agreement between simulated and observed temperature and salinity profiles of the period 1980–2004 is satisfactory. Especially the renewal of the deep water in the Baltic proper by gravity-driven dense bottom flows is better simulated than in previous versions of the model. Based upon these model results details of the mean circulation are analyzed. For instance, it is found that after the major Baltic inflow in January 2003 saline water passing the Słupsk Furrow flows directly towards northeast along the eastern slope of the Hoburg Channel. However, after the baroclinic summer inflow in August/September 2002 the deep water flow spreads along the southwestern slope of the Gdansk Basin. Further, the model results show that the patterns of mean vertical advective fluxes across the halocline that close the large-scale vertical circulation are rather patchy. Mainly within distinct areas are particles of the saline inflow water advected vertically from the deep water into the surface layer. To analyze the time scales of the circulation mean ages of various water masses are calculated. It is found that at the sea surface of the Bornholm Basin, Gotland Basin, Bothnian Sea, and Bothnian Bay the mean ages associated to inflowing water from Kattegat amount to 26–30, 28–34, 34–38, and 38–42 years, respectively. Largest mean sea surface ages of more than 30 years associated to the freshwater of the rivers are found in the central Gotland Basin and Belt Sea. At the bottom the mean ages are largest in the western Gotland Basin and amount to more than 36 years. In the Baltic proper vertical gradients of ages associated to the freshwater inflow are smaller than in the case of inflowing saltwater from Kattegat indicating an efficient recirculation of freshwater in the Baltic Sea.  相似文献   

Formation of sequences of cemented layers and hardpans within sulfide-bearing mine tailings (mine district Freiberg,Germany)     

Torsten Graupner  Andrea Kassahun  Dieter Rammlmair  Jeannet A. Meima  Dagmar Kock  Markus Furche  Adrian Fiege  Axel Schippers  Frank Melcher 《Applied Geochemistry》2007

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Effects of alpine hydropower operations on primary production in a downstream lake     

David Finger  Peter Bossard  Martin Schmid  Lorenz Jaun  Beat Müller  Daniel Steiner  Erwin Schäffer  Markus Zeh  Alfred Wüest 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2007,69(2):240-256

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Comparison of large-area land cover products with national forest inventories and CORINE land cover in the European Alps     

Lars T. Waser  Markus Schwarz 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2006

Considerable efforts have recently resulted in the development of global land cover data at large spatial scales. The main objective of this study is a comparison of different AVHRR- and MODIS-based forest and land cover products at the scale of the European Alps: a large natural ecosystem that is exposed to both natural environmental threats and human impacts and exploitation. In a first test, the accuracy of land cover products in predicting the overall amount of forest across national boundaries was assessed using national forest inventory statistics. Both variants of forest class combinations resulted in a general overestimation of the forest area. The IGBP 2.0 cover performed best with an overall mean absolute error of 13% and a bias of 0%. In a second test, large-area land cover products were tested for accuracy in predicting 13 aggregated land cover types in a spatially explicit manner using CORINE land cover as reference dataset. Due to data inconsistencies, partly insufficient spatial resolution, steep terrain and land use heterogeneity of the European Alps, only partly satisfactory results were obtained.  相似文献   

Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Lars Ramberg  Peter Hancock  Markus Lindholm  Thoralf Meyer  Susan Ringrose  Jan Sliva  Jo Van As  Cornelis Vander Post 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2006,68(3):310-337

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