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11.
An approach for quantifying geomorphological impacts for EIA of transportation infrastructures: a case study in northern Spain 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Jaime Bonachea Viola Maria Bruschi Juan Remondo Alberto Gonzlez-Díez Luis Salas Jurjen Bertens Antonio Cendrero Csar Otero Cecilia Giusti Andrea Fabbri Jos Ramn Gonzlez-Lastra Jos María Aramburu 《Geomorphology》2005,66(1-4):95
A methodological proposal for the assessment of impacts due to linear infrastructures such as motorways, railways, etc. is presented. The approach proposed includes a series of specific issues to be addressed for each geomorphological feature analysed—both ‘static’ and ‘dynamic’—as well as a series of steps to be followed in the process.Geomorphic characteristics potentially affected were initially identified on the basis of a conceptual activities/impacts model that helps to single out geomorphic impacts related to environmental concerns for the area. The following issues were addressed for each individual impact: nature of potential effects; indicators that can be used to measure impacts; criteria of ‘geomorphologic performance’; procedure for measurement/prediction of changes; translation of geomorphologic impacts into significant terms from the viewpoint of human concerns; possible mitigation and/or compensation measures.The procedure has been applied to a case study corresponding to a new motorway in the Basque Country, northern Spain. Geomorphological impacts considered in this analysis included: (1) consumable resources; (2) sites of geomorphological interest; (3) land units with high potential for use, high productivity or value for conservation; (4) visual landscape; (5) slope instability processes. The procedure has been designed for implementation in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. Details are given on the application of the method to each individual impact analysed and results are presented in both numerical and map form.Impacts assessed were initially expressed by means of heterogeneous magnitudes, depending on the geomorphological feature considered. Those geomorphological impacts were then translated into significant terms and homogeneous magnitudes. Integration was carried out on the basis of impact values thus obtained. Final integrated results were also expressed in numerical and map form.The method proposed enables comparison of alternatives as well as ‘prediction’ and assessment of impacts in terms directly related to geomorphic characteristics. It also facilitates the expression of those impacts in terms that allow integration with other types of environmental impacts. 相似文献
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Modelling and experimental study of coupled exchange of p,p′‐DDE and colloids in a flume simulated stream–streambed system
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Stream–subsurface exchange plays a significant role in the fate and transport of contaminants in streams. It has been modelled explicitly by considering fundamental processes such as hydraulic exchange, colloid filtration, and contaminant interactions with streambed sediments and colloids. The models have been successfully applied to simulate the transport of inorganic metals and nutrients. In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted in a recirculating flume to investigate the exchange of a hydrophobic organic contaminant, p,p′‐dichloro‐diphenyl‐dichloroethane (DDE), between a stream and a quartz sand bed. A previously developed process‐based multiphase exchange model was modified by accounting for the p,p′‐DDE kinetic adsorption to and desorption from the bed sediments/colloids and was applied to interpret the experimental results. Model input parameters were obtained by conducting independent small‐scale batch experiments. Results indicate that the immobilization of p,p′‐DDE in the quartz sand bed can occur under representative natural stream conditions. The observed p,p′‐DDE exchange was successfully simulated by the process‐based model. The model sensitivity analysis results show that the exchange of p,p′‐DDE can be sensitive to either the sediment sorption/desorption parameters or colloidal parameters depending on the experimental conditions tested. For the experimental conditions employed here, the effect of colloids on contaminant transport is expected to be minimal, and the stream–subsurface exchange of p,p′‐DDE is dominated by the interaction of p,p′‐DDE with bed sediment. The work presented here contributes to a better mechanistic understanding of the complex transport process that hydrophobic organic contaminants undergo in natural streams and to the development of reliable, predictive models for the assessment of impacted streams. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Andrés Gutiérrez-Rodríguez Mikel Latasa Marta Estrada Montserrat Vidal Celia Marrasé 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2010,57(4):486-500
The carbon flux through major phytoplankton groups, defined by their pigment markers, was estimated in two contrasting conditions of the Northwestern Mediterranean open ocean ecosystem: the spring bloom and post-bloom situations (hereafter Bloom and Post-bloom, respectively). During Bloom, surface chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration was higher and dominated by diatoms (53% of Chl a), while during Post-bloom Synechococcus (42%) and Prymnesiophyceae (29%) became dominant. The seawater dilution technique, coupled to high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of pigments and flow cytometry (FCM), was used to estimate growth and grazing rates of major phytoplankton groups in surface waters. Estimated growth rates were corrected for photoacclimation based on FCM-detected changes in red fluorescence per cell. Given the 30% average decrease in the pigment content per cell between the beginning and the end of the incubations, overlooking photoacclimation would have resulted in a 0.40 d?1 underestimation of phytoplankton growth rates. Corrected average growth rates (μo) were 0.90±0.20 (SD) and 0.40±0.14 d?1 for Bloom and Post-bloom phytoplankton, respectively. Diatoms, Cryptophyceae and Synechococcus were identified as fast-growing groups and Prymnesiophyceae and Prasinophyceae as slow-growing groups across Bloom and Post-bloom conditions. The higher growth rate during Bloom was due to dominance of phytoplankton groups with higher growth rates than those dominating in Post-bloom. Average grazing rates (m) were 0.58±0.20 d?1 (SD) and 0.31±0.07 d?1. The proportion of phytoplankton growth consumed by microzooplankton grazing (m/μo) tended to be lower in Bloom (0.69±0.34) than in Post-bloom (0.80±0.08). The intensity of nutrient limitation experienced by phytoplankton indicated by μo/μn (where μn is the nutrient-amended growth rate), was similar during Bloom (0.78) and Post-bloom (0.73). Primary production from surface water (PP) was estimated with 14C incubations. A combination of PP and Chl a synthesis rate yielded C/Chl a ratios of 34±21 and 168±75 (g:g) for Bloom and Post-bloom, respectively. Transformation of group-specific Chl a fluxes into carbon equivalents confirmed the dominant role of diatoms during Bloom and Synechococcus and Prymnesiophyceae during Post-bloom. 相似文献
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Ocean Science Journal - The abundance of bacteria inhabiting the sediment-water interface and their taxonomic composition were determined with the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method... 相似文献
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Marta Álvarez Claire Gourcuff 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2010,57(7):860-868
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) 11 and 12 transports across the transoceanic World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) A25 section in the subpolar North Atlantic are derived from an inverse model using hydrographic and ADCP data (Lherminier et al., 2007). CFC and anthropogenic carbon (CANT) advective transports contrary to expected are uncoupled: CANT is transported northeastwards (82±39 kmol s?1) mainly within the overturning circulation, while CFC-11 and CFC-12 are transported southwestwards (?24±4 and ?11±2 mol s?1, respectively) as part of the large-scale horizontal circulation. The main reason for this uncoupled behaviour is the complex CFC vs. CANT relation in the ocean, which stems from the contrasting temperature relation for both tracers: more CANT dissolves in warmer waters with a low Revelle factor, while CFC’s solubility is higher in cold waters. These results point to CANT and CFC having different routes of uptake, accumulation and transport within the ocean, and hence: CANT transport would be more sensitive to changes in the overturning circulation strength, while CFC to changes in the East Greenland Current and Labrador Sea Water formation in the Irminger Sea. Additionally, CANT and CFCs would have different sensitivities to circulation and climate changes derived from global warming as the slowdown of the overturning circulation, increase stratification due to warming and changes in wind stress. 相似文献
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A radiotracer technique, employing 27Mg, is used to determine the Mg released by ammonium exchange on undis-solved humic acid in a seawater medium. This new method allows for the measurement of exchangeable Mg on the solid phase surface, which eliminates the problem caused by the high-Mg background in the seawater matrix. The precision calculated from the counting statistics is better than ±2%; the reproducibility among repeated counts ranged from ±1% to ±3%. The higher sensitivity of the method allows for monitoring the Mg---NH4 exchange at concentrations as low as 30 mM NH4. This is a major improvement relative to the data obtained with the analytical methods used so far, which allow detection of exchangeable Mg only at NH4 concentrations higher than 1 M. The lower experimental concentrations are more in accordance with the natural ammonium levels found in anoxic marine sediments. For the undissolved humic acid used in this experiment, the amount of exchangeable Mg in apparent equilibrium with an ammonium-free seawater matrix was found to be 96.6 ± 0.4 meq/100g. The Mg---NH4 exchange on humic acid in seawater comes to a steady-state value in < 18 min. The conditional equilibrium constant obtained for this reaction, Kcond = 0.039 ± 0.001 M−1. The technique can be expanded to other geochemical solid phases in seawater and it can be modified to study the behavior of the major cations by using 24Na, 42K and 49Ca. 相似文献
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