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21.
Chendi Zhang Mengzhen Xu Marwan A. Hassan Shawn M. Chartrand Zhaoyin Wang Zewei Ma 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(2):280-294
Exceptional flood events with a return period of about 50 years can be destructive to step-pool channel segments. However, field investigations and flume experiments have not examined the hydraulic and morphological feedbacks of step-pool morphology during unsteady hydrographs of exceptional flood events. We performed a series of flume experiments with a manually constructed step model, perturbed with three hydrographs that varied in the rate of water supply change. The bed texture, topography, flow regimes, surface flow field and water depth were characterized and measured as the flow rate was increased during the experiments. A distinct pool feature emerged downstream of the manually constructed step when the flow rate exceeded the threshold scaled to the peaks of ordinary flood events in well-graded mountain streams. The pool feature was modified in several different ways with flow rate increase. The bed surface steadily coarsened, micro-bedforms developed and became more pronounced, the bed topography became more spatially complex based on analysis using the Hurst exponent, and last, pool depth steadily increased. Pool modification was also linked to the flow regime: the impinging jet regime led to grain size segmentation in the pool while the jump regime contributed to decelerating flow velocity. The steeper rising limb of hydrograph led to a less developed pool feature, with smaller sized micro-bedforms in the pool bottom to outlet, and higher discharge threshold for distinct coarsening and scouring in the pool. The estimated energy dissipation within the step-pool unit decreased as a power function from low to high flow, quantified as the ratio hc/HS, where hc is the critical water depth and HS is scour depth. Our results highlight the interaction between morphology, hydraulics, and energy dissipation of step-pool unit and the crucial role of hydrograph shape on the interaction during flow increase © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
22.
Alluvial rivers are composed of self-formed channels which are sensitive to disturbances in their flow and sediment-supply regimes. Regime changes commonly occur over decadal and longer timescales and can be caused by anthropogenic alterations such as dam construction and removal. Advances in numerical modeling have increased our ability to explore geomorphic adjustments over long timescales; however, many models designed to be run for decades or longer assume that banks are immovable or that channel width is constant. Since river channels often respond to disturbance by adjusting their geometry, this is a significant shortcoming. To investigate the impact of long-term sediment supply alterations on channel geometry and stability, we have adapted MAST-1D, a reach-scale bed evolution model, to incorporate functions for bank erosion, vegetation encroachment, and local avulsions. The model is designed for medium-large, coarse multithreaded rivers and can be run over long (decades–centuries) timescales. Bank erosion is a function of the mobility and transport capacity for structurally-important grains which protect the bank toe. Vegetation growth is proportional to point bar width and occurs during conditions of low shear stress. Local avulsions occur when aggradation causes channel depth to drop below a threshold. We apply the model to the Elwha River in Washington, USA with the goal of investigating if and when the river recovers from dam emplacement and removal. The Elwha was dammed for nearly 100 years, and then two dams were removed, releasing a large pulse of sediment. We have modeled the set of reaches between the two dams. Our simulations suggest that channel response to dam emplacement occurs gradually over several decades but that the channel recovers to near pre-dam conditions within about a decade following the removal. The dams leave a lasting legacy on the floodplain, which does not completely recover, even after two centuries. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
23.
We analyzed lake sediment deposits and local hydrometric records to assess the potential for developing a high-resolution
record of sediment delivery from the Rock Lake catchment, situated in the non-glacierized Front Ranges of the Rocky Mountains,
Canada. Rhythmic couplets of silt–clay characterized the clastic sediments recovered from the deep central basin of the lake.
Contemporary sediment yield to Rock Lake (10.7 ± 1.8 Mg km−2 year−1) is comparable to other studied Canadian Cordillera lakes that have sedimentary lithologies and absence of glacier cover,
but distinct rhythmic deposition is relatively unique to this basin. Spatial patterns of deposition within the lake were assessed
by correlating rhythmites between multiple sediment cores and by sub-bottom, acoustic profiling. Bracketed dates for a spatially
continuous sequence of eight thick rhythmites were established by correlating laminations between core samples collected more
than 30 years apart. We identified a consistent pattern between the rhythmite and hydrometric data series between 1975 and
2006 and determined that specific flooding events caused by summer rainstorms are associated with each of the eight thick
rhythmites. We observed a good relationship between rhythmite thickness and total flood volume that exceeded a threshold discharge.
Acoustic profiling showed that the lake could be a good candidate for longer-term proxy development. We discuss how some of
the methods used in this study could benefit ongoing paleoenvironmental assessments based on lacustrine rhythmite series. 相似文献
24.
长江流域侵蚀产沙尺度效应的区域分异 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以长江流域水文站点的观测数据为依据,基于一定的分区原则,将整个长江流域分成了8个区域,对所有分区产沙模数的尺度效应进行了深入分析.研究表明,所有分区产沙模数的尺度效应可以概括为三类:产沙模数随流域面积的增大而减小,或先减小后基本保持不变的,主要包括长江中下游干流沿岸区域,岷江主体区域,洞庭湖流域和鄱阳湖流域;产沙模数随流域面积的增大基本保持不变的,包括嘉陵江主体区域和汉江流域;产沙模数随流域面积增大而增大,或先增大后基本保持不变的,包括长江上游干流沿岸的非泥石流区域和乌江流域.不同流域尺度效应的差异主要与流域土地利用方式有关.基于各分区校正方程,将所有站点进行了标准面积为100 km2,1 000 km2,10 000 km2的尺度校正,结果表明,当校正面积为100 km2,侵蚀最强烈的区域主要是岷江流域,其次是鄱阳湖和洞庭湖流域,校正面积为1 000 km2和10 000 km2,产沙模数图变化不显著,但明显区别于校正面积为100km2下的产沙模数图.侵蚀最强烈的区域主要是嘉陵江流域,其次是长江上游干流沿岸的部分区域和汉江流域的部分区域.不同校正面积下产沙模数图的变化,显示了不同流域侵蚀来源的差异. 相似文献
25.
Stephan Schulz Christian Siebert Tino Rödiger Marwan M. Al-Raggad Ralf Merz 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,69(2):605-615
Pollution and overexploitation of scarce groundwater resources is a serious problem in the Zarqa River catchment, Jordan. To estimate this resource’s potential, the amount and spatial distribution of groundwater recharge was calculated by applying the hydrological model J2000. The simulation period is composed of daily values gathered over a 30-year period (July 1977 to June 2007). The figure finally obtained for estimated groundwater recharge of the Zarqa River catchment is 105 × 106 m3 per year (21 mm a?1). This is 19 % higher than the value previously assumed to be correct by most Jordanian authorities. The average ratio of precipitation to groundwater recharge is 9.5 %. To directly validate modelled groundwater recharge, two independent methods were applied in spring catchments: (1) alteration of stable isotope signatures (δ18O, δ2H) between precipitation and groundwater and (2) the chloride mass balance method. Recharge rates determined by isotopic investigations are 25 % higher, and recharge rates determined by chloride mass balance are 9 % higher than the modelled results for the corresponding headwater catchments. This suggests a reasonably modelled safe yield estimation of groundwater resources. 相似文献
26.
Modelling density driven flow problems requires an excessive computational time and/or heavy equipments due to the non-linear coupling between flow and transport equations. In this work, we develop a robust numerical model with efficient advanced approximations for both spatial and temporal discretizations in order to reduce the excessive computational requirement while maintaining accuracy. 相似文献
27.
28.
Analysis of spatial and temporal extreme monsoonal rainfall over South Asia using complex networks 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
We present a detailed analysis of summer monsoon rainfall over the Indian peninsular using nonlinear spatial correlations. This analysis is carried out employing the tools of complex networks and a measure of nonlinear correlation for point processes such as rainfall, called event synchronization. This study provides valuable insights into the spatial organization, scales, and structure of the 90th and 94th percentile rainfall events during the Indian summer monsoon (June–September). We furthermore analyse the influence of different critical synoptic atmospheric systems and the impact of the steep Himalayan topography on rainfall patterns. The presented method not only helps us in visualising the structure of the extreme-event rainfall fields, but also identifies the water vapor pathways and decadal-scale moisture sinks over the region. Furthermore a simple scheme based on complex networks is presented to decipher the spatial intricacies and temporal evolution of monsoonal rainfall patterns over the last 6 decades. 相似文献
29.
This study describes the structure of gravel bars in Nahal Zin, an ephemeral stream in the Negev desert. The internal structure of the bars was examined along trenches and in shallow pits. Gravel sheets and unit bars form during transporting flow events in the main channel, on intra-bar channels and near bar heads. Unit bars are dominated by the Go facies. Compound bars develop from accretion around, and modification of, unit bars. Compound bars are active under the current flow regime and the average depth of the fill layer is about 35 cm. The structure of compound bars is dominated by Gm (massive), containing large amounts of sand. The second most common facies is clast-supported, openwork, and well sorted sediments of the Go (pebbles) facies. Bar formation, and the development of the range of facies evident in the bars is controlled by sediment supply, particularly the high volumes of sand-sized sediment, the passage of gravel sheets and bedforms during floods, and the lateral and vertical instability of the channel. Repeated scour and fill events have produced a diverse arrangement of facies, with numerous erosional contacts between depositional units. Lateral and downstream shifts in the pattern of scour and fill due to flow and antecedent conditions shape the channel morphology and bar internal structure. Ephemeral river bars differ from those of humid and proglacial rivers in terms of the dominant facies present, the arrangement of the facies within the bars, and the sedimentary structures developed within the depositional units and on the bar surface. 相似文献
30.
Marwan Ghanem Waseem Ahmad Yacoub Keilan Farah Sawaftah 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2017,76(9):347
A groundwater vulnerability assessment was carried out in order to understand and control the pollution sources affecting vulnerable regions in two adjacent catchments (Sarida and Natuf), located in the western middle part of the West Bank. The catchments were subjected to groundwater vulnerability mapping and assessment using the modified German State Geological Surveys (GLA method) method called Protective Cover and Infiltration Conditions method (PI method) via ArcGis 2014.2 software package in February of 2016. The results showed that the study area has high effectiveness of protective cover (P-factor), which was obtained by overlying top soil, bedrock, subsoil, and recharge layers. On the other hand, the dominant flow types, land usage, slopes, and topographical classification layers were overlaid to get the infiltration conditions (I-factor). The interaction between the two main factors was carried out in order to obtain the final spatially distributed π-factor values (vulnerability map), which was classified into four vulnerability classes. Statistically, about 4% of the overall area was of extreme vulnerability and concentrated along the sinking streams, while 22% was of low vulnerability and existed outside the main watersheds, followed by high vulnerability with 26%. The largest proportion with 48% of the overall area was of moderate vulnerability to groundwater contamination. 相似文献