Role of melt during deformation in the deep crust   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Cameron Davidson  Stefan M. Schmid  Lincoln S. Hollister 《地学学报》1994,6(2):133-142

Deformation in the deep crust is strongly influenced by the presence of melt. Injected melt (or magma) weakens the crust because strain will tend to localize where melt is present. The amount of strain a pluton may accommodate is dependent on the length of time it takes for a pluton to crystallize and the strain rate. For plutons that intrude into rocks which are near the solidus temperature of the melt, crystallization times can be quite long (> 1Myr).
Partial melting of deep crustal rocks can lead to melt-enhanced embrittlement. This occurs because the volume change for most melting reactions is positive. Therefore, when the rate of melt production outpaces the rate at which melt can leave the system, the melt pressure increases. Eventually, the melt pressure may become sufficiently high that the melting rocks behave in a brittle fashion and fracture.
Conjugate sets of dilatant shear fractures filled with melt occur in migmatite from the Central Gneiss belt (Canada); this suggests that melt-enhanced embrittlement occurred in these rocks. An expression which relates the magnitude of differential stress to the angle between conjugate dilatant shear fractures is derived. Assuming that migmatite has a small tensile strength, differential stresses are ≤ 20 MPa in migmatitic rocks at the time melt-enhanced embrittlement occurs. The occurrence of melt-enhanced embrittlement shows that a switch in deformation mechanism from plastic flow to cataclasis is possible in the deep crust during melting. Furthermore, repeated episodes of melt-enhanced embrittlement in migmatitic rocks may be an efficient mechanism for extracting melt from partially melted terrains.  相似文献   

Reintroduction of gold, other chalcophile elements and LILE during retrogression of depleted granulite, Tromøy, Norway     

Eion M. Cameron   《Lithos》1993,29(3-4):303-309

Several metamorphic and magmatic events were associated with the Sveconorwegian orogeny ( 1.1 Ga) that affected the Bamble shear belt, south Norway. Among the most important were (1) granuliteto amphibolite-facies metamorphism of the entire belt; (2) intrusion of mafic dykes (“hyperites”), followed by their localized metamorphism to amphibolite; (3) intrusion of granitic sheets, which in granulite terrane caused rehydration and retrogression. Previous studies have shown that rocks from across the belt metamorphosed to amphibolite and granulite grade during event (1) are strongly depleted in Au, Sb and As; while some granulites are also depleted in Rb, Cu and S. Gold and chalcophile elements were also lost during (2) amphibolization of hyperites. This paper is concerned with event (3), at which time the granulites had been uplifted and cooled. H₂O---CO₂ fluids, at least in part derived from the granitic magma, caused localized rehydration and retrogression of granulite. This was accompanied by the variable reintroduction of the same elements (Au, As, Sb, Cu, S and Rb) that had earlier been depleted. The nature of the reintroduction of Au and other elements has relevance to the origin of mesothermal gold deposits.  相似文献   

The petrology and origin of coals from the lower Carboniferous Mattson formation, southwestern district of Mackenzie, Canada     

J. Potter  B.C. Richards  A.R. Cameron 《International Journal of Coal Geology》1993,24(1-4)

Petrographic analyses were carried out on thin coals and coaly sediments from the Lower Carboniferous Mattson Formation at Clausen Creek and Jackfish Gap-Yohin Ridge in the northern part of the Liard Basin, northern Canada. The composition and optical characteristics indicate that the coals are high-volatile bituminous B, predominantly sapropelic (canneloid) and accumulated subaquatically.The coals are dominantly composed of inertinite-rich and exinite-rich durities with subsidiary inertites and clarodurites; vitrite is minor and liptite is rare. The inertinite-rich microlithotypes are dominated by semifusinite, but micrinite, semimacrinite and ?resino-inertinites are abundant. Sporinite, comprising megaspores, crassispores, tenuispores and miospores, is the dominant liptinite maceral with subsidiary cutinite and minor alginite. Except for pyrite, mineral matter is minimal.Three populations of telocollinite are observed: a low-reflectance variety (I), commonly associated with micrinite (as vitrinertite), displays weak brown fluorescence and a reflectance some 0.4-0.5% lower than type II; type II is non-fluorescing telocollinite, with intermediate reflectance (0.67-0.74% R_om), it occurs as vitrite and is also associated with micrinite; and a higher-reflectance telocollinite (III), having no fluorescence or association with micrinite, has variable reflectance (0.74-0.8% R_om) implying higher oxidation or gelification levels.The abundance of semimacrinite, macrinite and ?resino-inertinites in inertites and durites (I) suggests that much of the peat accumulated subaquatically. Furthermore, fluorescing vitrinite and an abundance of micrinite (derived by oxidation or coalification of bituminite), suggest that the coal accumulated under anaerobic conditions. The predominance of semifusinite in humic laminae and micrinite in sapropelic layers suggests extensive surface or near-surface oxidation of the peat. Oxidised sporinites suggest that they were wind-borne.Depositional environment is interpreted as marginal marine, perhaps in shallow lakes in the middle to upper delta plain. Peat accumulations probably began subaquatically at the oxygen-hydrogen sulphide interface, but periodic subaerial exposure and natural oxidation gave rise to the high inertinite coals. Upper Mattson coals are interbedded with algal laminites and probably accumulated in a lagoonal setting.  相似文献   

Introduction to Exploration Geochemistry, 1980 Supplement: A. A. Levinson. Applied Publishing, $18. 309pp. 1980. Also available bound with 1974 edition, $35. 924 pp. (student price $22)     

Eion Cameron 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1980,44(9):1394-1395

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Nonstoichiometry in sillimanite: Mullite compositions with sillimanite-type superstructures     

W. E. Cameron 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1977,1(3):265-272

Complete solid solution between sillimanite and mullite is shown to occur when Fe³⁺, in the virtual absence of Ti, replaces Al^VI. All members of the series adopt the sillimanite (Al, Si)^IV ordering scheme in preference to the modulated structure typical of synthetic and titaniferous natural mullites.  相似文献   

Olivine-matrix reactions in thermally metamorphosed Apollo 14 breccias     

Kenneth L. Cameron  George W. Fisher 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1975,25(2):197-207

Olivine clasts, which have mantles formed by reaction of the olivine with the breccia matrix, are present in the high-grade thermally metamorphosed Apollo 14 breccias. The mantled olivine clasts are most abundant in 14311, but they are also present in 14304 and 14319. Typically the mantles consist of two zones: an inner corona containing pyroxene, ilmenite and commonly plagioclase, and an outer light-colored halo where the matrix is depleted in ilmenite. The growth of the coronas involved matrix-to-corona diffusion of TiO₂ and corona-to-matrix diffusion of MgO and FeO. These diffusive fluxes can be attributed to chemical potential gradients developed between mineral assemblages in local equilibrium at the olivine-corona boundary and the matrix.  相似文献   

Boninite primary magmas: Evidence from the Cape Vogel Peninsula,PNG   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

D. A. Walker  W. E. Cameron 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1983,83(1-2):150-158

Boninites from Cape Vogel, PNG, are dominantly pyroxene-glass rocks, but many contain olivine, sometimes as refractory as Fo₉₄. We derive a parental magma for this suite (in equilibrium with Fo₉₄) which contains 20 wt.% MgO and is quartz-normative. This liquid is hydrous, and from petrographie evidence and whole rock H₂O⁺ values, we estimate it to contain 2–3 wt.% H₂O. These data suggest olivine fractionation and primary magmatic water are important in boninite genesis, but both are often obscured by later alteration. The derived parental magma has probably formed at 1,250–1,300° C and low pressures (< ?10kB) and is similar to those which gave rise to olivine-clinoenstatite phyric boninites from New Caledonia and from Howqua, Australia, and possibly to a proposed parental magma for the Bushveld Complex.  相似文献   

Historical variation in guano production from the Peruvian and Benguela upwelling ecosystems     

David Schneider  David Cameron Duffy 《Climatic change》1988,13(3):309-316

Analysis of the historical record shows that reductions in guano production in the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean were not related to El Niño events in the Pacific. Guano production in the Atlantic was negatively correlated with guano production in the Pacific. Significant reductions in guano production in the Atlantic occurred 1 to 4 years after increases in guano production in the Pacific. Negative association is consistent with the hypothesis that global shifts in weather associated with the Southern Oscillation affect guano production.  相似文献   

Boninite petrogenesis and alteration history: constraints from stable isotope compositions of boninites from Cape Vogel,New Caledonia and Cyprus     

T. K. Kyser  W. E. Cameron  E. G. Nisbet 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,93(2):222-226

¹⁸O values of unaltered olivine and pyroxene phenocrysts in boninites from several areas range from 5.8 to 7.4 and indicate that the source for most boninites is more ¹⁸O-rich than MORBs and other oceanic basalts. The source for oxygen and other major elements is most likely a refractory portion of the mantle having a ¹⁸O value of up to 7.0 to which must be added a small amount of H₂O-rich fluid to induce partial melting. This fluid, which is derived from subducted crust, is the vehicle for LREEs including Nd. The variable, normally low _Nd values typical of boninites do not correlate with the ¹⁸O values.Post eruptive exchange of oxygen in the glass of boninites with that of sea water at low temperatures (<150° C) produces ¹⁸O values of >10 in optically fresh glass. Hydration of the glass has increased the water contents of most boninites from estimated magmatic values of 1–2 wt% to 2–4 wt% and produced D values of < –80, which may be lower than the original magmatic D values. In contrast to most submarine pillow basalts, the magmatic volatile composition of boninite lavas has been extensively modified as a result of post eruptive interaction with seawater.  相似文献   

A vaporization model for iron/silicate fractionation in the Mercury protoplanet     

Bruce Fegley Jr.  A.G.W. Cameron 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1987,82(3-4)

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