Statistical characteristics of individual waves in laboratory wind waves     

Masayuki Tokuda  Yoshiaki Toba 《Journal of Oceanography》1982,38(1):8-14

On the basis of data on the statistical characteristics of individual waves in laboratory wind waves reported in part I of this series, a self-consistent similarity regime is found to exist among properties of the individual waves, such as the nondimensional frequency, the wave number, the phase speed, and the steepness. Also, it is shown that forms of past empirical formulas for the development of the peak wave can be derived starting from the 3/2-power law, as an extension of the persent laboratory experimental data. In the derivation, only values of the coefficient of the 3/2-power law, and the fraction of momentum transferred from the wind retained by the wind waves, remain on an empirical basis.  相似文献   

Hatching of an Estuarine Crab, Sesarma Haematochier: Factors Affecting the Timing of Hatching in Detached Embryos, and Enhancement of Hatching Synchrony by the Female     

Masayuki Saigusa 《Journal of Oceanography》2000,56(1):93-102

The zoeas of the estuarine terrestrial crab Sesarma haematocheir hatch in synchrony with nocturnal high tides. Hatching is also highly synchronized among embryos: i.e., female-attached embryos would all hatch within 1 h, if the female is maintained at about 23°C. This study examined the factors affecting the timing of hatching in female-attached and detached embryos. The timing of hatching in the embryos detached from the female was somewhat affected by continuous light, salinity, and cluster size, but it was much more strongly affected by low temperature. In addition, a notable feature was that the influence of low temperature was markedly different between female-attached embryos and detached embryos. Hatching of this crab occurs after a special developmental process for hatching ("hatching program") that requires 48–49.5 h. This program would be mediated by a temperature-dependent process. Hatching of this crab cannot be fully explained in terms of osmotic effects. Since hatching of female-attached embryos was highly synchronized, the female should release an (unknown) stimulus enhancing hatching synchrony among embryos. Highly synchronized hatching among embryos would enable the female to release hatched zoeas into the water all at one time.  相似文献   

Growth and Survival of Pacific Saury Cololabis saira in the Kuroshio-Oyashio Transitional Waters     

Yoshiro Watanabe  Yutaka Kurita  Masayuki Noto  Yoshioki Oozeki  Daiji Kitagawa 《Journal of Oceanography》2003,59(4):403-414

Growth and mortality rates of larval and early juvenile Pacific saury Cololabis saira were estimated for spring and autumn spawning seasons in the Kuroshio-Oyashio transitional waters and for winter spawning season in the Kuroshio waters in 9 years from 1990–1998, based on quantitative fish sampling and otolith daily ring readings. Growth and mortality rates were more variable in the Kuroshio-Oyashio transitional waters than in the Kuroshio waters. The estimated production of 40-mm preschooling juveniles was a positive function of larval production in the hatching length class (5.9–9.9 mm) in the Kuroshio waters. In the Kuroshio-Oyashio transitional waters, rather than larval production in the hatching length class, cumulative survival through the larval and early juvenile stages determined the juvenile production. Variable growth and survival rates of saury observed in the transitional waters seem to be associated with large environmental variability in the waters, including shifts of the Kuroshio and Oyashio fronts and development of streamers and eddies between the fronts. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Statistical characteristics of individual waves in laboratory wind waves I. Individual wave spectra and similarity structure     

Masayuki Tokuda  Yoshiaki Toba 《Journal of Oceanography》1981,37(5):243-258

Statistical characteristics of individual waves in laboratory wind waves have been studied by use of a wind-wave tunnel. The individual waves are defined by actual undulations of the water surface at any instant, and are characterized by concentrated shearing stress and strong vorticity at their crests. A conspicuous self-similarity structure is found in the individual wave field. The similarity manifests itself as a simple spectral form, and as the statistical 3/2-power law between nondimensional wave height and wave period, and further as the -1/2-power relationship between nondimensional phase speed and frequency, for waves of the high frequency side. The normalized energy spectrum, specially defined for individual waves, has a form practically equivalent to the traditional spectrum for component waves in the main frequency range from 0.7 to 1.5 in the frequency normalized by the peak frequency, but does not have secondary peaks at harmonics. The phase speed of individual waves also coincides with that of component waves in the main frequency range.  相似文献   

Detailed observation of the wind-exerted surface flow by use of flow visualization methods     

Kuniaki Okuda  Sanshiro Kawai  Masayuki Tokuda  Yoshiaki Toba 《Journal of Oceanography》1976,32(2):53-64

Detailed observations were performed of the wind-exerted surface flow, before and after the generation of wind waves. As flow visualization techniques, 6 classes of polystyrene beads of from 0.33 mm to 1.93 mm in diameter, with a specific gravity of 0.99, and also, hydrogen bubble lines, were used. Experiments were carried out at three ranges of the wind speed: 4.0, 6.2 and 8.6ms^–1 in the mean in the wind-wave tunnel section, and the observations were made at 2.85 m in fetch. In the case of 6.2 m s^–1, when the initial surface skin flow attains 0.22 cm in the scale thickness and 16 cm s^–1 in the surface velocity in about 3 second from the onset of the wind, regular waves of about 1.7 cm in wave length appear on the water surface. In one second after that, the downward thrust of the surface flow and the consequent forced convection commences, and the transition of the surface layer to a turbulent state occurs. Ordinary wind waves begin to develop from this state. In developed wind waves the viscous skin flow grows on the windward side of the crests, frequently producing macroscopic skin flows, and these skin flows converge to make a downward thrust at the lee side, and the viscous skin layer disappears there. The velocity of the downward flow has a maximum at the phase of about 30, and the value is of the order of 10 cm s^–1 at 4-mm depth after the orbital velocity of the sinusoidal wave is subtracted. As the process through which the wind stress acts on the water surface, it is considered that the following particular one may be real: the skin friction concentrated at the windward side of the crest produces skin flows, which thrust into the inner region to make the forced convection, carrying the acquired momentum. The viscous shearing stress just before the generation of the surface undurations was about 1/4 of the total shearing stress under the existence of wind waves. It is considered that the increase of the wind stress by wind waves is caused by this mechanism.  相似文献   

Seismic return motion     

Masayuki Kikuchi  Yoshio Fukao 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1976,12(4):343-349

Possibilities of backswing of fault displacement are investigated on the basis of a simple crack model. Although it has been suggested that the backswing would not occur in real earthquakes because of friction, there is evidence that some earthquakes might have caused return motion “locally” on the fault surface. This paper attempts to derive conditions for such local return motion. Spatial extension of the crack beyond the stress-filled region into the stress-deficient region gives a favorable site for the return motion, the site being just outside the stress-filled region. In our model the return motion occurs at this site when the frictional stress is less than about 30% of the regional stress in the stress-filled region. The overall return motion, on the other hand, would not occur unless the frictional stress is less than 10% of the regional stress.  相似文献   

Dispersion and attenuation of elastic waves due to multiple scattering from cracks     

Masayuki Kikuchi 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1981,27(2):100-105

Multiple scattering from cracks is considered in the two-dimensional plane-strain condition. It is assumed that identical cracks are distributed uniformly in space and that the effective waves propagate normal to the crack surfaces. Then, the apparent dispersion and attenuation are calculated as functions of frequency for three independent modes of wave propagation: SV, P and SH.The calculated results show that, in each case, the attenuation coefficient Q^?1 takes a peak value when the wavelength is nearly twice the crack width, while phase velocity has a maximum deviation from the intrinsic value at a frequency lower than the peak frequency for Q^?1.  相似文献   

Clinoenstatite in volcanic rocks from the Bonin Islands     

Masayuki Komatsu 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1980,74(4):329-338

Multiply-twinned clinoenstatite has been found in andesitic rocks from Chichi-jima and Mukojima in the Bonin Islands.The clinoenstatite occurs as (1) reaction rims around olivine, (2) composite crystals with bronzite, and (3) anhedral phenocrysts rimmed or included by bronzite.The clinoenstatite is chemically characterized by low contents of Ca (less than 0.5 wt.% oxide), Fs (9.2–11.5) and Al (less than 0.6 wt.% oxide) relative to the coexisting bronzite. The partition coefficient, K _{D op} ^cp =(Mg/Fe²⁺)^cp/(Mg/Fe²⁺)^op between coexisting clinoenstatite and bronzite, ranges from 1.02 to 1.32 (average 1.17). The Fe²⁺/Mg+Fe²⁺ ratios of coexisting clinoenstatite and bronzite are different in different rock types, which suggests variable inversion temperatures of protoenstatite to orthopyroxene in boninite.Bronzite phenocrysts in a specimen, ranging from Fs15 to Fs30, coexist with augite phenocrysts, whereas those in the other specimens, ranging from Fs12 to Fs18, do not coexist with augite phenocrysts. These differences in petrographical nature and mineral chemistry among the specimens examined may be due to variations in their quenching stages.The boninite clinoenstatite and bronzite are relatively rich in Ca and Mg, compared with the Papuan and Mariana pyroxenes, which seems to depend upon the rock chemistry.  相似文献   

Piemontite from the manganiferous hematite ore deposits in the Tokoro Belt,Hokkaido, Japan     

M. Akasaka  M. Sakakibara  K. Togari 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1988,38(2):105-116

Summary Piemontites occur in manganiferous hematite ore deposits and radiolarian chest in the Nikoro Group, Tokoro Belt, eastern Hokkaido, Japan. The piemontite-bearing chest and ore bodies have suffered low-grade metamorphism of high pressure intermediate type. In ore bodies, piemontite forms veinlets with quartz and/or pumpellyite-(Mn²⁺) containing Mn³⁺ in Y site. In chest, piemontite occurs not only in veinlets but also in radiolarian tests with pumpellyite-(Mn²⁺). The mineral assemblages characterized by piemontite, pumpellyite-(Mn²⁺), okhotskite, hematite and bixbyite indicate that chest and ore deposits were metamorphosed under extremely highfO₂ condition. Some piemontites in ores contain as much as 1.12 Mn³⁺, and the sum of Mn³⁺ and Fe³⁺ attains 1.46 per formula unit, whereas piemontites in chest contain less (Mn³⁺ + Fe³⁺). This difference in compositions may essentially be ascribed to the difference in the host rock compositions. On the other hand, Mn³⁺ and Fe³⁺ contents of piemontites in ores vary considerably by Al (Mn³⁺, Fe³⁺) and Mn³⁺ Fe³⁺ substitutions. This phenomenon may be interpreted in terms of the local availability of Mn³⁺ and Fe³⁺ in the host rocks.The low-temperature stability limit of piemontite is evaluated from the relations between piemontite and pumpellyite and from the estimated P-T conditions of piemontite crystallization in chert and ore deposits.

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Piemontit aus den manganreichen Hematit-Lagerstätten des Tokoro-Gürtels, Hokkaido, Japan

Zusammenfassung Piemontite treten in manganführenden Hämatitlagerstätten und Radiolariten in der Nikoro-Gruppe des Tokoro-Gürtels, Ost-Hokkaido, Japan; auf. Die Piemontit-füh-renden Radiolarite und Erzkörper zeigen eine niedrig temperierte (Low-grade Bereich), Hochdruck (intermediate-type)-Metamorphose. In den Erzkörpern bildet Piemontit Gänge zusammen mit Quarz und/oder Mn³⁺ (in der Y-Position)-führendem Pumpellyit-(Mn²⁺). In den Radiolariten tritt Piemontit nicht nur in Gängen, sondern auch zusammen mit Pumpellyit-(Mn²⁺) in Radiolarien auf. Die Mineralparagenese Piemontit, Pumpellyit-(Mn²⁺), Okhotskit, Hämatit und Bixbyit deutet darauf hin, daß die Radiolarite und Erzlagerstätten unter hohenfO₂-Bedingungen metamorphisiert worden sind.In den Erzkörpern enthalten einige Piemontite bis zu 1.12 Mn³⁺ und die Summe von Mn³⁺ und Fe³⁺ erreicht 1.46 pro Formeleinheit. Die Piemontite in den Radiolariten zeigen geringere Mn³⁺ + Fe³⁺ Gehalte. Diese Unterschiede in der Zusammensetzung sind auf die unterschiedlichen Trägergesteine zurückzuführen. Außerdem variieren die Mn³⁺ und Fe³⁺-Gehalte der Piemontite in den Erzkörpern deutlich auf Grund der Substitution von Al (Mn³⁺, Fe³⁺) und Mn³⁺ Fe³⁺. Dieses Phänomen kann durch die lokale Verfügbarkeit von Mn³⁺ und Fe³⁺ im Trägergestein interpretiert werden.Die niedrige Temperatur-Stabilität von Piemontit kann durch die Assoziation Piemontit-Pumpellyit und durch die bestimmten P-T-Bedingungen der Piemontit-Kristallisation in den Radiolariten und Erzlagerstätten abgeschätzt werden.

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Shock-wave compression of silica gel as a model material for comets     

Akane Arasuna  Masayuki Okuno  Liliang Chen  Tsutomu Mashimo  Hiroki Okudera  Tomoyuki Mizukami  Shoji Arai 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2016,43(7):493-502

A shock-wave compression experiment using synthesized silica gel was investigated as a model for a comet impact event on the Earth’s surface. The sample shocked at 20.7 GPa showed considerable structural changes, a release of water molecules, and the dehydration of silanol (Si–OH) that led to the formation of a new Si–O–Si network structure containing larger rings (e.g., six-membered ring of SiO₄ tetrahedra). The high aftershock temperature at 20.7 GPa, which could be close to 800 °C, influenced the sample structure. However, some silanols, which were presumed to be the mutually hydrogen-bonded silanol group, remained at pressures >20.7 GPa. This type of silanol along with a small number of water molecules may remain even after shock compression at 30.9 GPa, although the intermediate structure of the sample recovered was similar to that of silica glass.  相似文献