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61.
Mathias Raschke 《Journal of Seismology》2017,21(1):21-34
In this paper, I introduce a novel approach to modelling the individual random component (also called the intra-event uncertainty) of a ground-motion relation (GMR), as well as a novel approach to estimating the corresponding parameters. In essence, I contend that the individual random component is reproduced adequately by a simple stochastic mechanism of random impulses acting in the horizontal plane, with random directions. The random number of impulses was Poisson distributed. The parameters of the model were estimated according to a proposal by Raschke J Seismol 17(4):1157–1182, (2013a), with the sample of random difference ξ?=?ln(Y 1 )-ln(Y 2 ), in which Y 1 and Y 2 are the horizontal components of local ground-motion intensity. Any GMR element was eliminated by subtraction, except the individual random components. In the estimation procedure, the distribution of difference ξ was approximated by combining a large Monte Carlo simulated sample and Kernel smoothing. The estimated model satisfactorily fitted the difference ξ of the sample of peak ground accelerations, and the variance of the individual random components was considerably smaller than that of conventional GMRs. In addition, the dependence of variance on the epicentre distance was considered; however, a dependence of variance on the magnitude was not detected. Finally, the influence of the novel model and the corresponding approximations on PSHA was researched. The applied approximations of distribution of the individual random component were satisfactory for the researched example of PSHA. 相似文献
62.
P. Mathias 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1998,260(1-2):131-134
Lissajous diagrams are used to detect phase lags between radial velocity curves associated with different ions. Present in
many kind of variable stars, this effect provides an important tool to study the atmosphere dynamics.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
63.
Boundary-Layer Meteorology - When wind blows over the ocean, short wind-waves (of wavelength smaller than 10 m) are generated, rapidly reaching an equilibrium with the overlying turbulence (at... 相似文献
64.
Landslide deposits as stratigraphical markers for a sequence‐based glacial stratigraphy: a case study of a Younger Dryas system in the Eastern Alps 下载免费PDF全文
Mathias G. Bichler Martin Reindl Jürgen M. Reitner Ruth Drescher‐Schneider Christian Wirsig Marcus Christl Irka Hajdas Susan Ivy‐Ochs 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2016,45(3):537-551
Detailed 10Be and 14C dating and supporting pollen analysis of Alpine Lateglacial glacial and landslide deposits in the Hohen Tauern Mountains (Austria) constrain a sequence‐based stratigraphy comprising a major landslide (13.0±1.1 ka) overlain by till and termino‐lateral moraines of an advancing (12.6±1.0 ka) and retreating (11.3±0.8 ka) glacier in turn overlain by a minor landslide (10.8±1.1 ka). These results define glacier activity during the Younger Dryas age Egesen stadial bracketed by landslide activities during the Bølling‐Allerød interstadial and the Preboreal. In contrast to recent studies on Holocene glaciation in the Alps, no traces of any Holocene glacier advance bigger than during the Little Ice Age are documented. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the advantages of using an allostratigraphical approach based on unconformity‐bounded sedimentary units as a tool for glacial stratigraphy in formerly glaciated mountain regions, rather than a stratigraphy based on either isolated morphological features or lithostratigraphical characteristics. 相似文献
65.
Spatial and seasonal variations of fish assemblages in mangrove creek systems in Zanzibar (Tanzania)
Augustine W. Mwandya Martin Gullström Mathias H. Andersson Marcus C. Öhman Yunus D. Mgaya Ian Bryceson 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2010
Spatial and seasonal variations of fish assemblage composition were studied in three non-estuarine mangrove creeks of Zanzibar (Tanzania). Fish were collected monthly for one year at three sites (lower, intermediate and upper reaches) in each creek using a seine net (each haul covering 170 m2). Density, species number and diversity of fish were all higher at sites with dense cover of macrophytes (seagrass and macroalgae) than over unvegetated sandy sites. In general, fish assemblages mainly comprised juveniles of a few abundant taxa, e.g. Mugil cephalus, Mugilidae spp. and Leiognathus equulus at sites with mud substratum and Gerres oyena, Lethrinus harak and Sillago sihama at sites dominated by macrophytes. Multivariate analyses revealed significant separations in fish assemblage composition within the two creeks where the bottom substratum differed among sites. Overall, season seemed to have little effect on density, species number, diversity index (H′) and assemblage structure of fish. Water condition variables were also relatively stable across the season, although a short-term fluctuation primarily induced by decreased salinity, occurred during the heavy rains in April and May. Fish assemblage structure was not significantly affected by any of the abiotic factors tested. However, significant regressions were found between the other fish variables and environmental variables, but since these associations were mostly species-specific and generally inconsistent, we suggest that the overall distribution patterns of fish were mainly an effect of particular substrate preferences of fish species rather than contemporary water conditions. 相似文献
66.
Mathias K. Kirf Christian Dinkel Carsten J. Schubert Bernhard Wehrli 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2014,20(1):39-57
Elements involved in biogeochemical cycles undergo rapid turnover at the oxic–anoxic interface of stratified lakes. Here, the presence or absence of oxygen governs abiotic and biotic processes and rates. However, achieving a detailed sampling resolution to precisely locate the oxic–anoxic interface is difficult due to a lack of fast, drift-free sensors in the working range of 10 to a few 1,000 nmol O2 L?1. Here, we demonstrate that conventional amperometric and optical microsensors can be used to resolve submicromolar oxygen concentrations in a continuous profiling mode. The amperometric drift was drastically reduced by anoxic preconditioning. In situ offset correction in the anoxic layer and a high amplification scheme allowed for an excellent detection limit of < 10 nmol L?1. The optical microsensors also showed a similar performance with a detection limit of < 20 nmol L?1. Their drift stability allowed for a laboratory calibration in combination with a minor in situ anoxic offset correction. The two different sensor systems showed virtually identical profiles during parallel use in stratified lakes. Both sensors were able to resolve the fine-scale structure at the oxic–anoxic interface and revealed hitherto unnoticed extended zones of submicromolar oxygen concentrations even below a steep oxycline. The zones extended up to several meters and showed substantial vertical variability. These results underline the need of a precise localization of the oxic–anoxic interface on a submicromolar scale in order to constrain the relevant aerobic and anaerobic redox processes. 相似文献
67.
68.
C. Aerts P. De Cat G. Handler U. Heiter L. A. Balona J. Krzesinski P. Mathias H. Lehmann I. Ilyin J. De Ridder S. Dreizler A. Bruch I. Traulsen A. Hoffmann D. James E. Romero-Colmenero T. Maas M. A. T. Groenewegen J. H. Telting K. Uytterhoeven C. Koen P. L. Cottrell J. Bentley D. J. Wright J. Cuypers 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2004,347(2):463-470
69.
Segura Hans Espinoza Jhan Carlo Junquas Clementine Lebel Thierry Vuille Mathias Garreaud Rene 《Climate Dynamics》2020,54(5):2613-2631
Climate Dynamics - Analyzing December–February (DJF) precipitation in the southern tropical Andes—STA ($$12^{\circ }\,\hbox {S}$$–$$20^{\circ }\,\hbox {S}$$; > 3000... 相似文献
70.
Annelies Van Hoesel Wim Z. Hoek Gillian M. Pennock Knut Kaiser Oliver Plümper Michal Jankowski Maartje F. Hamers Norbert Schlaak Mathias Küster Alexander V. Andronikov Martyn R. Drury 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2015,50(3):483-498
The Younger Dryas impact hypothesis suggests that multiple airbursts or extraterrestrial impacts occurring at the end of the Allerød interstadial resulted in the Younger Dryas cold period. So far, no reproducible, diagnostic evidence has, however, been reported. Quartz grains containing planar deformation features (known as shocked quartz grains), are considered a reliable indicator for the occurrence of an extraterrestrial impact when found in a geological setting. Although alleged shocked quartz grains have been reported at a possible Allerød‐Younger Dryas boundary layer in Venezuela, the identification of shocked quartz in this layer is ambiguous. To test whether shocked quartz is indeed present in the proposed impact layer, we investigated the quartz fraction of multiple Allerød‐Younger Dryas boundary layers from Europe and North America, where proposed impact markers have been reported. Grains were analyzed using a combination of light and electron microscopy techniques. All samples contained a variable amount of quartz grains with (sub)planar microstructures, often tectonic deformation lamellae. A total of one quartz grain containing planar deformation features was found in our samples. This shocked quartz grain comes from the Usselo palaeosol at Geldrop Aalsterhut, the Netherlands. Scanning electron microscopy cathodoluminescence imaging and transmission electron microscopy imaging, however, show that the planar deformation features in this grain are healed and thus likely to be older than the Allerød‐Younger Dryas boundary. We suggest that this grain was possibly eroded from an older crater or distal ejecta layer and later redeposited in the European sandbelt. The single shocked quartz grain at this moment thus cannot be used to support the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis. 相似文献