Polar aromatic biomarkers of Miocene-aged Chukurovo resinite and correlation with a progenitor macrofossil     

Maya Stefanova  Bernd R.T. Simoneit 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2008,75(3):166-174

Functionalised aromatic constituents of Chukurovo resinite are compared here with the chemical composition of a macrofossil assigned paleobotanically as Taxodium dubium (Sternb.) Heer. Terpenoids and lipids of fossil wood tissue embedded in a clay sediment were extracted and analyzed for comparison. The information was interpreted in relation to the biomarker compositions of different conifer families, as well as to the effects of contamination by inward migration of organic matter from the adjacent sediments.Many of identified geolipids, i.e., alkanes, alkanols, alkan-2-ones, and steranes/triterpanes have no chemosystematic value because they are ubiquitous in the plant kingdom. Ferruginol, sugiol, and products of their diagenetic transformations were identified as the dominant specific biomarkers in the resinite. Ferruginol and its analogues were the most abundant diterpenoids in Taxodium dubium sample. Thus, the biomarker composition of the extractable matter of the resinite strongly suggests that species of Cupressaceae contributed significantly to the Chukurovo paleoenvironment.  相似文献   

Biomarker assemblage of some Miocene-aged Bulgarian lignite lithotypes     

Maya Stefanova  C. Magnier  Daniela Velinova 《Organic Geochemistry》1995,23(11-12)

Two homogeneous (humovitrain and xylain) and one heterogeneous (humoclarain) lithotype macerals, separated from a lignite, were subjected to mild reductive treatment by NaH. The extensive chromatographic separation of the decalin-soluble fraction revealed some structural peculiarities. A strong predominance of α-phyllocladane was characteristic for all macerals. Series of n-, iso-, and anteiso-alkanes, regular isoprenoids, alkylbenzenes and 1-methyl-4-n-alkylcyclohexanes were identified by mass spectrometry. An angiosperm source input was represented by friedelane, lupane and seco-hopane structures. Products of des-A and des-E-ring cleavages and C-10 demethylation were registered by mass spectrometry. The main difference was in the hopane distribution pattern. A strong prevalence of extended ββ-hopanes was found in the humoclarain sample. The mass spectral data revealed the existence of a basic difference in hopane precursors—diploptent or diplopterol for the homogeneous lithotypes and bacteriohopanetetrol for the heterogeneous lithotype.  相似文献   

The response of water level in the YuZ-5 well, Kamchatka to the magnitude 9.3, Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of December 26, 2004     

G. N. Kopylova  S. V. Boldina 《Journal of Volcanology and Seismology》2007,1(5):319-327

Forced and free oscillations of water level were recorded in the YuZ-5 well, Kamchatka due to the passage of seismic waves from the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of December 26, 2004, M _w = 9.3, hypocentral distance 8250 km. The greatest amplitude of water level oscillations, at least 5 cm, was observed during the onset of seismic surface waves with a typical period of 20–50 s. The total duration of the forced and free water level oscillations was about ten hours. The available theoretical models that describe oscillations of water level in a well due to seismic waves and rapid injection of water were used to estimate the transmissivity of the aquifer. The values obtained exceed by at least two orders of magnitude the transmissivity derived from pumping test measurements. A hypothesis was proposed to explain the temporary increase in aquifer transmissivity during the passage of seismic waves by invoking disturbances in the structure of the crack-pore space and a sharp increase in aquifer rock permeability.  相似文献   

Petrological constraints on seismic properties of the Slave upper mantle (Northern Canada)     

M.G. Kopylova  J. Lo  N.I. Christensen 《Lithos》2004,77(1-4):493-510

Modes and compositions of minerals in Slave mantle xenoliths, together with their pressures and temperatures of equilibrium were used to derive model depth profiles of P- and S-wave velocities (Vp, Vs) for composites equivalent to peridotite, pyroxenite and eclogite. The rocks were modeled as isotropic aggregates with uniform distribution of crystal orientations, based on single-crystal elastic moduli and volume fractions of constituent minerals. Calculated seismic wave velocities are adjusted for in situ pressure and temperature conditions using (1) experimental P- and T- derivatives for bulk rocks' Vp and Vs, and (2) calculated P- and T- derivatives for bulk rocks' elastic moduli and densities. The peridotite seismic profiles match well with the globally averaged IASP91 model and with seismic tomography results for the Slave mantle. In peridotite, an observed increase of seismic wave velocities with depth is controlled by lower degrees of chemical depletion in the deeper upper mantle. In eclogite, seismic velocities increase more rapidly with depth than in peridotite. This follows from contrasting first-order pressure derivatives of bulk isotropic moduli for eclogite and peridotite, and from the lower compressibility of eclogite at high pressures. Our calculations suggest that depletion in cratonic mantle has a distinct seismic signature compared to non-cratonic mantle. Depleted mantle on cratons should have slower Vp, faster Vs and should show lower Poisson's ratios due to an orthopyroxene enrichment. For the modelled Slave craton xenoliths, the predicted effect on seismic wave velocities would be up to 0.05 km/s.  相似文献   

Flare coronal loop heating and hard X-ray emission from solar flares of August 23, 2005, and November 9, 2013     

Tsap  Yu. T.  Motorina  G. G.  Kopylova  Yu. G. 《Geomagnetism and Aeronomy》2016,56(8):1104-1109

The thermal balance and hard X-ray emission of coronal loops for two solar events have been considered in the scope of a “standard” flare model. An important role of the thermal energy release is justified by the event of August 23, 2005, as an example. For the flare of November 9, 2013, it has been established that electrons accelerated at a flare loop top cannot maintain the observed hard X-ray fluxes from the flare footpoints, which indicates that charged particles are additionally accelerated in the chromosphere.

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Estimation of deformational properties of a stratum-borehole system based on analysis of barometric and tidal responses of the water level in a borehole     

G. N. Kopylova  E. M. Gorbunova  S. V. Boldina  D. V. Pavlov 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2009,45(10):905-913

Statically isolated conditions in the stratum-borehole hydrogeological system under consideration at periods of ≥ 3 h are established on the basis of the investigation of barometric and tidal responses of the water level in a borehole located in the territory of the Mikhnevo Geophysical Observatory, Institute of Geosphere Dynamics, Russian Academy of Sciences. The barometric effectiveness, tidal sensitivity of the water level, elastic parameters, and porosity of water-bearing rocks are estimated. A model of the inertial character of the water exchange in the stratum-borehole system is constructed depending on the period of variations with allowance for the borehole design, as well as the water transmissibility and elastic capacity of the aquifer. The results of modeling are in compliance with the dependence of the amplitude transfer function from variations in the atmospheric pressure to variations in the water level. The results of processing the data of high-precision measurements made it possible to refine the transmissibility of the aquifer obtained from the data of experimental filtration works.  相似文献   

The Chemical Composition of Ground Water in Observational Water Vents in the Petropavlovsk Geodynamic Test Site: The Classification and Effects of Large Earthquakes     

G. N. Kopylova  N. V. Guseva  Yu. G. Kopylova  S. V. Boldina 《Journal of Volcanology and Seismology》2018,12(4):268-286

This paper considers the chemical composition and classification of ground water at seven flowing wells and four springs using materials from the 2014 hydrogeochemical sampling and from continuous observations conducted by the Kamchatka Branch of the Geophysical Survey of the Russian Academy of Sciences (KB GS RAS) in 1989–1999. We estimated the saturation of ground water discharges at individual vents with alumosilicate, carbonate, and sulfate secondary minerals, following the behavior of saturation over time. We have found that the ground water undergoes an increase in the saturation with secondary minerals during large earthquakes that produced shaking of intensity I = 5–6 on the MSK-64 scale. Such changes in the saturation of ground water with secondary minerals are less pronounced during the precursory periods before earthquake occurrence. We discuss desirable future developments of the observational system at wells and springs in order to look for new types of hydrogeochemical precursors to earthquakes.  相似文献   

Variations in the Parameters of Background Seismic Noise during the Preparation Stages of Strong Earthquakes in the Kamchatka Region     

V. A. Kasimova  G. N. Kopylova  A. A. Lyubushin 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2018,54(2):269-283

The results of the long (2011–2016) investigation of background seismic noise (BSN) in Kamchatka by the method suggested by Doct. Sci. (Phys.-Math.) A.A. Lyubushin with the use of the data from the network of broadband seismic stations of the Geophysical Survey of the Russian Academy of Sciences are presented. For characterizing the BSN field and its variability, continuous time series of the statistical parameters of the multifractal singularity spectra and wavelet expansion calculated from the records at each station are used. These parameters include the generalized Hurst exponent α*, singularity spectrum support width Δα, wavelet spectral exponent β, minimal normalized entropy of wavelet coefficients En, and spectral measure of their coherent behavior. The peculiarities in the spatiotemporal distribution of the BSN parameters as a probable response to the earthquakes with М_w = 6.8–8.3 that occurred in Kamchatka in 2013 and 2016 are considered. It is established that these seismic events were preceded by regular variations in the BSN parameters, which lasted for a few months and consisted in the reduction of the median and mean α*, Δα, and β values estimated over all the stations and in the increase of the En values. Based on the increase in the spectral measure of the coherent behavior of the four-variate time series of the median and mean values of the considered statistics, the effect of the enhancement of the synchronism in the joint (collective) behavior of these parameters during a certain period prior to the mantle earthquake in the Sea of Okhotsk (May 24, 2013, M_w = 8.3) is diagnosed. The procedures for revealing the precursory effects in the variations of the BSN parameters are described and the examples of these effects are presented.  相似文献   

Experience in registration of variations caused by strong earthquakes in the level and physicochemical parameters of ground waters in the piezometric wells: the case of Kamchatka     

G. N. Kopylova  S. V. Boldina  A. A. Smirnov  E. G. Chubarova 《Seismic Instruments》2017,53(4):286-295

The hardware complex that was produced by OOO Polynom, Khabarovsk, for registration of the level, temperature, and electrical conductivity of ground water in wells and meteorological parameters (atmospheric pressure, air temperature) at a measurement frequency from 5 min to 1 h is described. The equipment is installed in the wells of Kamchatka and has been used for several years to register variations caused by earthquakes in the parameters of ground waters. Different variations in measured parameters of ground waters due to strong earthquakes of February 28, 2013, M _W = 6.8 and May 24, 2013, M _W = 8.3 are registered with this equipment in wells YuZ-5 and E-1. The registered variations and their systematization are described taking into account the mechanisms of a seismic impact on the state of the well–water-saturated rock system.  相似文献   

Flare Energy Release and Electron Acceleration to Relativistic Energies by Quasi-Stationary Electric Fields in the Lower Atmosphere of the Sun     

Tsap  Yu. T.  Stepanov  A. V.  Kopylova  Yu. G. 《Geomagnetism and Aeronomy》2019,59(7):789-792

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The characteristics of electron acceleration to relativistic energies by sub-Dreicer quasi-stationary electric fields under the conditions of the lower atmosphere of the...  相似文献