A critical zone observatory dedicated to suspended sediment transport: The meso-scale Galabre catchment (southern French Alps)     

Cédric Legout  Guilhem Freche  Romain Biron  Michel Esteves  Oldrich Navratil  Guillaume Nord  Magdalena Uber  Thomas Grangeon  Nico Hachgenei  Brice Boudevillain  Céline Voiron  Lorenzo Spadini 《水文研究》2021,35(3):e14084

The 20 km² Galabre catchment belongs to the French network of critical zone observatories (OZCAR; Gaillardet et al., Vadose Zone Journal, 2018, 17(1), 1–24). It is representative of the sedimentary lithology and meteorological forcing found in Mediterranean and mountainous areas. Due to the presence of highly erodible and sloping badlands on various lithologies, the site was instrumented in 2007 to understand the dynamics of suspended sediments (SS) in such areas. Two meteorological stations including measurements of air temperature, wind speed and direction, air moisture, rainfall intensity, raindrop size and velocity distribution were installed both in the upper and lower part of the catchment. At the catchment outlet, a gauging station records the water level, temperature and turbidity (10 min time-step). Stream water samples are collected automatically to estimate SS concentration-turbidity relationships, allowing quantification of SS fluxes with known uncertainty. The sediment samples are further characterized by measuring their particle size distributions and by applying a low-cost sediment fingerprinting approach using spectrocolorimetric tracers. Thus, the contributions of badlands located on different lithologies to total SS flux are quantified at a high temporal resolution, providing the opportunity to better analyse the links between meteorological forcing variability and watershed hydrosedimentary response. The set of measurements was extended to the dissolved phase in 2017. Both stream water electrical conductivity and major ion concentrations are measured each week and every 3 h during storm events. This extension of measurements to the dissolved phase will allow progress in understanding both the origin of the water during the events and the partitioning between particulate and dissolved fluxes of solutes in the critical zone. All data sets are available at https://doi.osug.fr/public/DRAIXBLEONE_GAL/index.html .  相似文献   

Cosmical geophysics: Edited by A. Egeland, Ø. Holter,and A. Omholt. Universitetsforlagt,Oslo, Norway, 1973. Price $20.00     

F. Curtis Michel 《Icarus》1974,21(2):211-212

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Michel Dupuy 《Journal of Geodesy》1952,26(3):345-357

Résumé La simplicité du calcul de la réduction au plan est une des qualités pratiques les plus importantes dans toute projection géodésique. Comme les calculs sont à l'heure actuelle entièrement effectués en coordonnés rectangulaires, la réduction au plan demande à être calculée exclusivement à partir des dits éléments: telle est bien du reste la situation en ce qui concerne la projection de Mercator Transverse, communément employée. Pour la projection conique conforme deLambert, officiellement employée pour la triangulation fran?aise, on obtient une formule commode en introduisant l'aire triangulaire comprise entre le sommet de la projection conique (image du p?le) et les stations AB à relier. Le présent acticle justifie cette formule, décrit son application par la section de Géodésie de l'Institut Géographique National, et spécifie les formules de moyenne à employer: cette note forme un ensemble avec l'article suivant deM. Dufour.

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Summary Simplicity of calculation in the plane is one of the most important characteristics of any surveyor's projection. Since all calculation is today carried out in terms of rectangular coordinates, any reduction to the plane should involve only these coordinates: and this is, in fact, the situation in the commonly employed Transverse Mercator projection. For theLambert Conical orthomorphic projection, officially used for the French triangulation, a convenient formula is obtained in terms of the area of the triangle formed by the two points concerned and the vertex of the projection (which represents the pole in the plane). This paper justifies the use of the formula; describes its application by the Institut Géographique National; and discusses the different mean value formulae which are suited to the various grades of accuracy desired. This paper should be considered together with that ofM. Dufour.

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Zusammenfassung In jeder geod?tischen Projektion besteht das Haupterfordernis für eine praktische Durchführung darin, da? die Berechnung der Reduktionen auf die Ebene m?glichst einfach sei. Da gegenw?rtig alle Rechnungen mit Hilfe von rechtwinkligen Koordinaten durchgeführt werden, mu? die Reduktion auf die Ebene ausschlie?lich von den genannten Elementen ausgehen. So liegen jedenfalls die Dinge bei der gemeinhin verwendeten Transversalen Mercator-Projektion. Für die Lambertsche konforme Kegelprojektion, die amtliche Projektion für das franz?sische Dreiecksnetz, erh?lt man eine zweckdienliche Formel, wenn man die Dreiecksfl?che zwischen dem Scheitelpunkt der Kegelprojektion (Bildpunkt des Poles) und den zu verbindenden Stationen A B benutzt. Der vorliegende Artikel begründet diese Formel, beschreibt ihre Verwendung durch die Geod?tische Abteilung des Franz?sischen Instituts für Geographie (Section de Géodésie de l'Institut Géographique National) und erl?utert die zu verwendenden Mittelwert-Formeln. Der Aufsatz geh?rt mit dem folgenden vonM. Dufour geschriebenen eng zusammen.

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Resumen La sencillez del cálculo de la reducción al plano es una de las condiciones prácticas más importantes en toda proyección geodésica. Como actualmente están efectuados los cálculos en coordenadas rectangulares, la reducción al plano exige ser calculada exclusivamente a partir de dichos elementos; tal es por lo demás la situación en lo que concierne a la proyección deMercator Transverse, comúnmente empleada. Para la proyección cónica conforme deLambert, oficialmente empleada para la triangulación francesa, se obtiene una fórmula cómoda introduciendo el área triangular comprendida entre el vértice de la proyección cónica (imagen del polo) y las estaciones A y B a enlazar. El presente articulo justifica esta fórmula, y describe su aplicación por la Sección de Geodesia del Instituto Geogróafico Nacional.

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Sommario La semplicità del calcolo delle riduzioni al piano è una delle qualià pratiche più importanti in ogni proiezione geodetica. Poichè attualmente tutti i calcoli di una triangolazione vengono effettuati sul piano, in coordinate rettangolari, è essenziale che tali riduzioni possano avvenire facendo ricorso ai soli elementi piani; come accade in particolare per la proiezione trasversa di Mercatore. Per la proiezione conica conforme diLambert, usata ufficialmente uella triangolazione francese, si ottiene una formula comoda per la riduzione alla corda introducendo l'area del triangolo formalo dall' immagine del polo, e dai due punti da collegare. L'articolo giustifica questa formula, ne descrive la sua applicazione da parte della Sezione Geodetica dell' Istituto Geografico Nazionale, e precisa le formule da impiegare. Esso è collegato con l'articolo seguente del sig.Dufour, col quale forma un tutto unico.

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Geothermal Characterization of the St. Lawrence Lowlands Sedimentary Basin,Québec,Canada     

Karine Bédard  Félix-Antoine Comeau  Jasmin Raymond  Michel Malo  Maher Nasr 《Natural Resources Research》2018,27(4):479-502

Defining temperature at depth to identify geothermal resources relies on the evaluation of the Earth heat flow based on equilibrium temperature measurements as well as thermal conductivity and heat generation rate assessment. Such high-quality geothermal data can be sparse over the region of interest. This is the case of the St. Lawrence Lowlands sedimentary basin covering 20,000 km² to the south of Québec, Canada, and enclosing only three wells up to a depth of 500 m with equilibrium heat flow measurements. However, more than 250 oil and gas exploration wells have been drilled in this area, providing for this study (parce que c'est 93 sinon) 81 locations with bottom-hole temperature up to a depth of 4300 m, however, not at equilibrium. Analyzing these data with respect to the deep geothermal resource potential of this sedimentary basin requires evaluating the thermal conductivity and heat generation rate of its geological units to properly extrapolate temperature downward. This was done by compiling literature and recent thermal conductivity measurements in outcrop and core samples as well as new heat generation rate estimates from spectral gamma ray logs to establish a first thermal assessment of geological units deep down into the basin. The mean thermal conductivity of the thermal units varies from 2.5 to 6.3 W/m·K, with peak values in the basal sandstones, while the heat generation rate varies from 1.6 to 0.3 µW/m³, decreasing from the upper caprocks toward the base of the sequence. After correcting the bottom-hole temperatures for drilling disturbance with the Harrison correction and subsequently for paleoclimate variations, results indicate a mean geothermal gradient of 23.1 °C/km, varying from 14 to 40 °C/km. Evaluating the basin thermal state from oil and gas data is a significant challenge facilitated by an understanding of its thermal properties.  相似文献   

Reducing global GHG emissions by replicating successful sector examples: the ‘good practice policies’ scenario     

Mark Roelfsema  Hanna Fekete  Niklas Höhne  Michel den Elzen  Nicklas Forsell  Takeshi Kuramochi 《Climate Policy》2018,18(9):1103-1113

This article shows the potential impact on global GHG emissions in 2030, if all countries were to implement sectoral climate policies similar to successful examples already implemented elsewhere. This assessment was represented in the IMAGE and GLOBIOM/G4M models by replicating the impact of successful national policies at the sector level in all world regions. The first step was to select successful policies in nine policy areas. In the second step, the impact on the energy and land-use systems or GHG emissions was identified and translated into model parameters, assuming that it would be possible to translate the impacts of the policies to other countries. As a result, projected annual GHG emission levels would be about 50 GtCO₂e by 2030 (2% above 2010 levels), compared to the 60 GtCO₂e in the ‘current policies’ scenario. Most reductions are achieved in the electricity sector through expanding renewable energy, followed by the reduction of fluorinated gases, reducing venting and flaring in oil and gas production, and improving industry efficiency. Materializing the calculated mitigation potential might not be as straightforward given different country priorities, policy preferences and circumstances.

Key policy insights

• Considerable emissions reductions globally would be possible, if a selection of successful policies were replicated and implemented in all countries worldwide.

• This would significantly reduce, but not close, the emissions gap with a 2°C pathway.

• From the selection of successful policies evaluated in this study, those implemented in the sector ‘electricity supply’ have the highest impact on global emissions compared to the ‘current policies’ scenario.

• Replicating the impact of these policies worldwide could lead to emission and energy trends in the renewable electricity, passenger transport, industry (including fluorinated gases) and buildings sector, that are close to those in a 2°C scenario.

• Using successful policies and translating these to policy impact per sector is a more reality-based alternative to most mitigation pathways, which need to make theoretical assumptions on policy cost-effectiveness.

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Cosmic Lithium-Beryllium-Boron Story     

Elisabeth Vangioni-Flam  Michel Cassé 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1999,265(1-4):77-86

Light element nucleosynthesis is an important chapter of nuclear astrophysics. Specifically, the rare and fragile light nuclei Lithium, Beryllium and Boron (LiBeB) are not generated in the normal course of stellar nucleosynthesis (except ⁷Li) and are, in fact, destroyed in stellar interiors. This characteristic is reflected in the low abundance of these simple species. Up to recently, the most plausible interpretation was that Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) interact with interstellar CNO to form LiBeB. Other origins have been also identified: primordial and stellar (⁷Li) and supernova neutrino spallation (⁷Li and ¹¹B). In contrast, ⁹Be, ¹⁰B and ⁶Li are pure spallative products. This last isotope presents a special interest since the ⁶Li/⁷Li ratio has been measured recently in a few halo stars offering a new constraint on the early galactic evolution of light elements. Optical measurements of the beryllium and boron abundances in halo stars have been achieved by the 10 meter KECK telescope and the Hubble Space Telescope. These observations indicate a quasi linear correlation between Be and B vs Fe, at least at low metallicity, which, at first sight, is contradictory to a dominating GCR origin of the light elements which predicts a quadratic relationship. As a consequence, the theory of the origin and evolution of LiBeB nuclei has to be refined. Aside GCRs, which are accelerated in the general interstellar medium (ISM) and create LiBeB through the break up of CNO by fast protons and alphas, Wolf-Rayet stars (WR) and core collapse supernovae (SNII) grouped in superbubbles could produce copious amounts of light elements via the fragmentation in flight of rapid carbon and oxygen nuclei colliding with H and He in the ISM. In this case, LiBeB would be produced independently of the interstellar medium chemical composition and thus a primary origin is expected. These different processes are discussed in the framework of a galactic evolutionary model. More spectroscopic observations (specifically of O, Fe, Li, Be, B) in halo stars are required for a better understanding of the relative contribution of the various mechanisms. Future tests on the injection and acceleration of nuclei by supernovae and Wolf Rayet relying on gamma-ray line astronomy will be invoked in the perspective of the European INTEGRAL satellite. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Accumulation in Svalbard glaciers deduced from ice cores with nuclear tests and Chernobyl reference layers   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Jean Francis Pinglot  Michel Pourchet  Bernard Lefauconnier  Jon Ove Hagen  Elisabeth Isaksson  Rein Vaikmäe  Kokichi Kamiyama 《Polar research》1999,18(2):315-321

Mean net annual balance and the related spatio-temporal variations have been determined on the basis of well-dated artificial layers in shallow ice cores (Chernobyl, 1986, and atmospheric thermonuclear tests, mainly in 1961-62 in Novaya Zemlya). Seventy ice cores from 13 Svalbard glaciers have been analysed. On each glacier, in its accumulation area and at the highest elevation, one ice core was recovered down to about 40 m and sampled for radioactivity measurements to determine the 1986 and 1962-63 layer (1954 was the initial date of the nuclear tests). For each glacier, at least five complementary ice cores from the accumulation area were analysed to determine the Chernobyl reference layer. Six ice cores exhibit both the Chernobyl and nuclear tests layers and are of special interest in this study.
This work provides new data on the deposition rates of natural and artificial radioisotopes. Using ice cores samples from the Arctic glaciers, even with superimposed ice accumulation, it is possible to distinguish between the Chernobyl and the nuclear tests fallouts. This work also shows that the mean annual net balance did not significantly change for at least five ice core locations in the Svalbard glaciers for the two periods extending from 1963 to 1986 to the recent date of drilling.  相似文献   

Numerical simulation of the propagation of P waves in fractured media   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Sylvie Kelner  Michel Bouchon  & Olivier Coutant 《Geophysical Journal International》1999,137(1):197-206

We study the propagation of P waves through media containing open fractures by performing numerical simulations. The important parameter in such problems is the ratio between crack length and incident wavelength. When the wavelength of the incident wavefield is close to or shorter than the crack length, the scattered waves are efficiently excited and the attenuation of the primary waves can be observed on synthetic seismograms. On the other hand, when the incident wavelength is greater than the crack length, we can simulate the anisotropic behaviour of fractured media resulting from the scattering of seismic waves by the cracks through the time delay of the arrival of the transmitted wave. The method of calculation used is a boundary element method in which the Green's functions are computed by the discrete wavenumber method. For simplicity, the 2-D elastodynamic diffraction problem is considered. The rock matrix is supposed to be elastic, isotropic and homogeneous, while the cracks are all empty and have the same length and strike direction. An iterative method of calculation of the diffracted wavefield is developed in the case where a large number of cracks are present in order to reduce the computation time. The attenuation factor Q ⁻¹ of the direct waves passing through a fractured zone is measured in several frequency bands. We observe that the attenuation factor Q ⁻¹ of the direct P wave peaks around kd = 2, where k is the incident wavenumber and d the crack length, and decreases proportionally to ( kd ) ⁻¹ in the high-wavenumber range. In the long-wavelength domain, the velocity of the direct P wave measured for two different crack realizations is very close to the value predicted by Hudson's theory on the overall elastic properties of fractured materials.  相似文献   

Deep crustal structure and rheology of the Gascoyne volcanic margin,western Australia     

Frey  Øivind  Planke  Sverre  Symonds  Phillip A.  Heeremans  Michel 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1998,20(4):293-311

Interpretation of deep seismic reflection data across the Gascoyne Margin reveals six distinct seismic facies units related to the tectono-magmatic breakup history. On the outer Exmouth Plateau four large scale units are identified: (1) an extensively block-faulted upper crust; (2) a middle-crustal unit of discontinuous, undulatory reflectors; (3) a reflection-free deep crustal unit; and (4) a lower-crustal band of low-frequency, high-amplitude reflectors. Two additional units are found near the continent-ocean boundary (COB); (5) seaward-dipping reflectors (SDR); and (6) landward-dipping reflectors in the lower crust below the SDR. The lower-crustal high-reflectivity band, located near the top of a high-velocity unit (V_p > 7 kms^–1), is interpreted as magmatic underplating. There is a spatial correlation between the underplated area and the presence of extensive upper-crustal block-faulting and intrusive rocks in the shallow crust. The undulatory middle-crustal reflector unit is also only identified in the outer plateau area, and is interpreted as a zone in which the upper-crustal faults terminate. The inner parts of the margin consist of a deep basin showing little upper-crustal faulting and no evidence of middle crustal deformation or underplating. Theoretical modeling of the effect of rifting and magmatic underplating on crustal strength profiles suggests that the brittle-ductile transition may migrate at least 5 km upwards during several million years after the underplating event. Based on the seismic interpretation and crustal strength modeling we propose that the seismic structure of the outer Exmouth Plateau is severely modified by a transient change in the crustal rheological structure associated with magmatic underplating.  相似文献   

Biokinetics of Radiocobalt in the Asteroid Asterias rubens (Echinodermata): Sea Water and Food Exposures     

Michel Warnau  Scott W. Fowler  Jean-Louis Teyssi 《Marine pollution bulletin》1999,39(1-12):159-164

Uptake and loss of cobalt-57 were investigated in the starfish Asterias rubens, in order to assess its value as a sentinel organism for nearshore radionuclide contamination. Whole-body uptake from sea water was linear over a 32-day exposure period and reached wet weight concentration factor (CF) of 23 ± 5. Bioaccumulation of ⁵⁷Co was dependent upon body compartment, the aboral part of the body wall concentrating cobalt to the greatest degree (wet weight CF: 77 ± 16). After restoration of uncontaminated conditions, radiocobalt was released following an exponential loss kinetics characterized by a biological half-life (T_b1/2) of 27 ± 6 day. Dietary radiocobalt (taken up during a short-term feeding for 24 h on radiolabelled mussels) showed a much more rapid turnover time (T_b1/2: 14 ± 4 d), suggesting that A. rubens accumulates this radionuclide predominantly from sea water. A. rubens, and more particularly the aboral part of its body wall, would readily reveal the presence of an environmental contamination by radiocobalt and could preserve this information over a period of few months.  相似文献