On the efficiency of production of the Fe Kα emission line in neutral matter     

T. Yaqoob  K. D. Murphy  L. Miller  T. J. Turner 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2010,401(1):411-417

The absolute luminosity of the Fe Kα emission line from matter illuminated by X-rays in astrophysical sources is non-trivial to calculate except when the line-emitting medium is optically thin to absorption and scattering. We characterize the Fe Kα line flux using a dimensionless efficiency, defined as the fraction of continuum photons above the Fe K shell absorption edge threshold energy that appear in the line. The optically thin approximation begins to break down even for column densities as small as  2 × 10²² cm⁻²  . We show how to obtain reliable estimates of the Fe Kα line efficiency in the case of cold, neutral matter, even for the Compton-thick regime. We find that, regardless of geometry and covering factor, the largest Fe Kα line efficiency is attained well before the medium becomes Compton-thick. For cosmic elemental abundances it is difficult to achieve an efficiency higher than a few per cent under the most favourable conditions and lines of sight. For a given geometry, Compton-thick lines-of-sight may have Fe Kα line efficiencies that are orders of magnitude less than the maximum possible for that geometry. Configurations that allow unobscured views of a Compton-thick reflecting surface are capable of yielding the highest efficiencies. Our results can be used to estimate the predicted flux of the narrow Fe Kα line at  ∼6.4 keV  from absorption models in active galactic nucleus (AGN). In particular we show that contrary to a recent claim in the literature, absorption-dominated models for the relativistic Fe Kα emission line in  MCG−  6-30-15 do not overpredict the narrow Fe Kα line for any column density or covering factor.  相似文献   

基于国产卫星 AIS数据的新冠疫情前后 南极考察活动变化研究     

陈一凡  刘建强  艾松涛  丁曦  张汝诚  曾韬 《海洋通报》2022,(3)

新冠疫情冲击下, 各国经济和安全都受到极大的考验。为了保障科考人员的安全, 许多国家缩减了南极科考的行程 和人员。本研究基于国产卫星海洋一号 、海洋二号搭载的A1s 传感器, 整理了2019 年 10 月至 2021 年 5 月南极主要科考国 家的考察船 A1s 数据, 并对比考察船轨迹变化, 分析疫情前后南极科考活动的变化情况。本研究发现了考察船前往南极通道 的新特点, 分析了各南极考察大国考察热点区域的变化, 总结了南极考察热点区域受疫情影响变化, 最后对我国南极考察提 出建议。“十四五”规划中, 深空、深地、深海和极地探测被列为科技前沿领域攻关项, 本研究通过分析各极地强国疫情前 后考察船的轨迹变化, 探索我国未来的考察发展方向, 以期助力极地事业高质量可持续发展。  相似文献   

OJ 287的引力波辐射研究     

孙玉涛  刘杰英  刘进忠  艾艳丽  周明  乔二林 《天文学报》2010,51(4)

类星体OJ 287的研究已经有100多年的历史,它呈现周期性双峰爆发现象,爆发周期为12 yr,比较好地解释观测的模型是双黑洞模型,即次黑洞绕主黑洞运动,并撞击主黑洞吸积盘从而引起爆发.此模型合理地解释了OJ 287的光变曲线并正确预言了未来爆发时间,这间接证明了广义相对论进动效应以及引力波的存在.星系中心大质量黑洞是一类重要的引力波源,而精确确定了其内部组分运动学方程的星系非常少,由于双黑洞模型提供了精确的黑洞运动轨道,故可以在这个运动轨道基础上研究其引力波辐射.在已有工作基础上,采用后牛顿近似方法首次得到了引力波辐射功率和波形随时间的演化关系,根据目前引力波探测设备IPTA(International Pulsar Timing Array)的进展情况,未来十几年内对OJ 287的引力波直接探测将成为可能.  相似文献   

Biotically constrained palaeoenvironmental conditions of a mid-Holocene intertidal lagoon on the southern shore of the Arabian Gulf: evidence associated with a whale skeleton at Musaffah,Abu Dhabi,UAE     

J.R. Stewart  S. Aspinall  M. Beech  P. Fenberg  P. Hellyer  N. Larkin  S.W. Lokier  F.G. Marx  M. Meyer  R. Miller  P.S. Rainbow  J.D. Taylor  J.E. Whittaker  K. Al-Mehsin  C.J. Strohmenger 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2011,30(25-26):3675-3690

Whale remains (a left and right mandible, scapula, humerus and fragmentary radius and ulna as well as parts of the cranium and rostrum) belonging to a probable humpback whale (Megaptera cf. novaeangliae) were found in the well-described sabkha sequence exposed in the Musaffah Industrial Channel, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. More precisely, the whale remains were found in a series of sediments representing a range of lagoonal facies. The sediments surrounding the whale bones were age-dated at approximately 5200 ¹⁴C yrs BP and are therefore interpreted to correspond to the previously documented late Flandrian sea-level peak, preceding a fall in sea-level which culminated in the supratidal sabkha overprint of the carbonates. Associated with the whale remains is an assemblage of molluscs, foraminifera and ostracods. Together with the inferred presence of sea grass and algae, these facies are interpreted to indicate a very shallow subtidal to intertidal lagoonal environment. Cirripede remains found associated with the skeleton were identified as those of the whale barnacle Coronula diadema and hence had their origins with the whale. Significantly, the low species diversity of microfossils suggests that higher salinities existed in the mid-Holocene lagoon than are present in modern counterparts. This is here inferred to be related to the onset of continental aridity in Arabia during the mid-Holocene.  相似文献   

Effect of multilayered groundwater mounds on water dynamics beneath a recharge basin: Numerical simulation and assessment of surface injection     

Peirong Lu  Zhuping Sheng  Zhanyu Zhang  Gretchen Miller  Scott Reinert  Mingyi Huang 《水文研究》2021,35(5):e14193

Interactions between groundwater mounds caused by a geologic layer contrast affect the efficiency of managed aquifer recharge in arid areas. However, research has rarely examined the roles of groundwater mounding size variations on soil water dynamics in a stratified vadose zone in response to a sustained infiltration source. Numerical experiments were conducted on a two-dimensional vertical-section domain using HYDRUS software to simulate the behaviours of two adjacent (upper and lower) groundwater mounds underlying an infiltration basin subjected to clay loam and sandy alternately-layered soil profiles. The model successfully predicted the volume and extent of perched water and approximated vertical travel times during events generating downward fluxes from the surface injection. The response time of the mounding width (lateral extension) to the surface injection was delayed as compared to that of the mounding height (vertical extension), especially for the lower water mound. The mounding heights and widths show a strongly positive correlation with the infiltration rates of both high- and low-permeability layers where the injected water mounded, while the water storage amounts in the high- and low-permeability layers were governed by the mounding height and width, respectively. Exploratory simulations were then employed to assess the dependence of groundwater mounding behaviours and recharge performances on surface injection strategies. Results suggest that, by reducing injection rate or shortening injection duration, the near-term fraction of the surface injection converted to deep recharge is likely to be increased due to the narrowed groundwater mounding size, which would be limited by the water-retarding effect of layer contrasts. This study has important implications for predicting and understanding multilayered groundwater mounding behaviours and associated water mass balance under the geologic stratification, and is expected to aid in optimizing the infiltration basin operation for aquifer recharge.  相似文献   

Improvement of snowpack simulations in a regional climate model     

Jiming Jin  Norman L. Miller 《水文研究》2011,25(14):2202-2210

To improve simulations of regional‐scale snow processes and related cold‐season hydroclimate, the Community Land Model version 3 (CLM3), developed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), was coupled with the Pennsylvania State University/NCAR fifth‐generation Mesoscale Model (MM5). CLM3 physically describes the mass and heat transfer within the snowpack using five snow layers that include liquid water and solid ice. The coupled MM5–CLM3 model performance was evaluated for the snowmelt season in the Columbia River Basin in the Pacific Northwestern United States using gridded temperature and precipitation observations, along with station observations. The results from MM5–CLM3 show a significant improvement in the SWE simulation, which has been underestimated in the original version of MM5 coupled with the Noah land‐surface model. One important cause for the underestimated SWE in Noah is its unrealistic land‐surface structure configuration where vegetation, snow and the topsoil layer are blended when snow is present. This study demonstrates the importance of the sheltering effects of the forest canopy on snow surface energy budgets, which is included in CLM3. Such effects are further seen in the simulations of surface air temperature and precipitation in regional weather and climate models such as MM5. In addition, the snow‐season surface albedo overestimated by MM5–Noah is now more accurately predicted by MM5–CLM3 using a more realistic albedo algorithm that intensifies the solar radiation absorption on the land surface, reducing the strong near‐surface cold bias in MM5–Noah. The cold bias is further alleviated due to a slower snowmelt rate in MM5–CLM3 during the early snowmelt stage, which is closer to observations than the comparable components of MM5–Noah. In addition, the over‐predicted precipitation in the Pacific Northwest as shown in MM5–Noah is significantly decreased in MM5–CLM3 due to the lower evaporation resulting from the longer snow duration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

TCAT Analysis of Capillary Pressure in Non-equilibrium, Two-fluid-phase, Porous Medium Systems     

Gray WG  Miller CT 《Advances in water resources》2011,34(6):770-778

Standard models of flow of two immiscible fluids in a porous medium make use of an expression for the dependence of capillary pressure on the saturation of a fluid phase. Data to support the mathematical expression is most often obtained through a sequence of equilibrium experiments. In addition to such expressions being hysteretic, recent experimental and theoretical studies have suggested that the equilibrium functional forms obtained may be inadequate for modeling dynamic systems. This situation has led to efforts to express relaxation of a system to an equilibrium capillary pressure in relation to the rate of change of saturation. Here, based on insights gained from the thermodynamically constrained averaging theory (TCAT) we propose that dynamic processes are related to changes in interfacial area between phases as well as saturation. A more complete formulation of capillary pressure dynamics is presented leading to an equation that is suitable for experimental study.  相似文献   

宁夏卫宁北山地区矿床类型及成矿时代   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

艾宁  任战利  李文厚  张连昌  黄世武 《矿床地质》2011,30(5):941-948

从大地构造位置及区域成矿背景来看,卫宁北山地区具备寻找到大型多金属矿床的良好前景.笔者对黄石坡沟典型矿段的研究,证明了该区广泛出露的石英闪长玢岩与成矿的关系非常密切.为了确定该矿床的成矿时代,首次使用锫石微区定年技术,对二人山、金场子等典型矿段中闪长玢岩内的锫石进行了年龄测定,确定了该区有2期岩浆侵入活动,2期岩浆侵入...  相似文献   

Zircon from historic eruptions in Iceland: reconstructing storage and evolution of silicic magmas   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Tamara L. Carley  Calvin F. Miller  Joseph L. Wooden  Ilya N. Bindeman  Andrew P. Barth 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2011,102(1-4):135-161

Zoning patterns, U-Th disequilibria ages, and elemental compositions of zircon from eruptions of Askja (1875 AD), Hekla (1158 AD), ?r?faj?kull (1362 AD) and Torfaj?kull (1477 AD, 871 AD, 3100 BP, 7500 BP) provide insights into the complex, extended, histories of silicic magmatic systems in Iceland. Zircon compositions, which are correlated with proximity to the main axial rift, are distinct from those of mid-ocean ridge environments and fall at the low-Hf edge of the range of continental zircon. Morphology, zoning patterns, compositions, and U-Th ages all indicate growth and storage in subvolcanic silicic mushes or recently solidified rock at temperatures above the solidus but lower than that of the erupting magma. The eruptive products were likely ascending magmas that entrained a zircon ??cargo?? that formed thousands to tens of thousands of years prior to the eruptions.  相似文献   

Regional simulations to quantify land use change and irrigation impacts on hydroclimate in the California Central Valley     

Jiming Jin  Norman L. Miller 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2011,104(3-4):429-442

In this study, the influence of land use change and irrigation in the California Central Valley is quantified using the Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research fifth generation Mesoscale Model (MM5) coupled with the Community Land Model version 3 (CLM3). The simulations were forced with modern-day and presettlement land use types at 30-km spatial resolution for the period 1 October 1995 to 30 September 1996. This study shows that land use change has significantly altered the structure of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) that affects near-surface temperature. In contrast, many land-use change studies indicate that albedo and evapotranspiration variations are the key processes influencing climate at local-to-regional scales. Our modeling results show that modern-day daily maximum near-surface air temperature (Tmax) has decreased due to agricultural expansion since presettlement. This decrease is caused by weaker sensible heat flux resulting from the lower surface roughness lengths associated with modern-day crops. The lower roughness lengths in the Central Valley also result in stronger winds that lead to a higher PBL. The higher PBL produces stronger sensible heat flux, causing nighttime warming. In addition to land use change, cropland irrigation has also affected hydroclimate processes within the California Central Valley. We generated a 10-member MM5-CLM3 ensemble simulation, where each ensemble member was forced by a fixed volumetric soil water content (SWC) between 3% and 30%, at 3% intervals, over the irrigated areas during a spring?Csummer growing season, 1 March to 31 August 1996. The results show that irrigation lowers the modern-day cropland surface temperature. Daytime cooling is produced by irrigation-related evaporation enhancement. This increased evaporation also dominates the nighttime surface cooling process. Surface cooling and the resulting weaker sensible heat flux further lower the near-surface air temperature. Thus, irrigation strengthens the daytime near-surface air temperature reduction that is caused by land use change, and a similar temperature change is seen for observations over irrigated cropland. Based on our modeling results, the nighttime near-surface warming induced by land use change is alleviated by low-intensity irrigation (17%?<?SWC?<?19%), but such warming completely reverses to a cooling effect under high-intensity irrigation (SWC?>?19%). The land use changes discussed in this study are commonly observed in many regions of the world, and the physical processes identified here can be used to better understand temperature variations over other areas with similar land cover changes.  相似文献