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91.
Takeshi Izumo Sébastien Masson Jérome Vialard Clément de Boyer Montegut Swadhin K. Behera Gurvan Madec Keiko Takahashi Toshio Yamagata 《Climate Dynamics》2010,35(4):669-683
The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is the main component of intraseasonal variability of the tropical convection, with clear
climatic impacts at an almost-global scale. Based on satellite observations, it is shown that there are two types of austral-summer
MJO events (broadly defined as 30–120 days convective variability with eastward propagation of about 5 m/s). Equatorial MJO
events have a period of 30–50 days and tend to be symmetric about the equator, whereas MJO events centered near 8°S tend to
have a longer period of 55–100 days. The lower-frequency variability is associated with a strong upper-ocean response, having
a clear signature in both sea surface temperature and its diurnal cycle. These two MJO types have different interannual variations,
and are modulated by the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Following a negative IOD event, the lower-frequency southern MJO variability
increases, while the higher-frequency equatorial MJO strongly diminishes. We propose two possible explanations for this change
in properties of the MJO. One possibility is that changes in the background atmospheric circulation after an IOD favour the
development of the low-frequency MJO. The other possibility is that the shallower thermocline ridge and mixed layer depth,
by enhancing SST intraseasonal variability and thus ocean–atmosphere coupling in the southwest Indian Ocean (the breeding
ground of southern MJO onset), favour the lower-frequency southern MJO variability. 相似文献
92.
Using a non-linear statistical analysis called “self-organizing maps”, the interannual sea surface temperature (SST) variations
in the southern Indian Ocean are investigated. The SST anomalies during austral summer from 1951 to 2006 are classified into
nine types with differences in the position of positive and negative SST anomaly poles. To investigate the evolution of these
SST anomaly poles, heat budget analysis of mixed-layer using outputs from an ocean general circulation model is conducted.
The warming of the mixed-layer by the climatological shortwave radiation is enhanced (suppressed) as a result of negative
(positive) mixed-layer thickness anomaly over the positive (negative) SST anomaly pole. This contribution from shortwave radiation
is most dominant in the growth of SST anomalies. In contrast to the results reported so far, the contribution from latent
heat flux anomaly is not so important. The discrepancy in the analysis is explained by the modulation in the contribution
from the climatological heat flux by the interannual mixed-layer depth anomaly that was neglected in the past studies. 相似文献
93.
Suryachandra A. Rao Jing-Jia Luo Swadhin K. Behera Toshio Yamagata 《Climate Dynamics》2009,33(6):751-767
Evolution of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events in 2003, 2006 and 2007 is investigated using observational and re-analysis data
products. Efforts are made to understand various processes involved in three phases of IOD events; activation, maturation
and termination. Three different triggers are found to activate the IOD events. In preceding months leading to the IOD evolution,
the thermocline in southeastern Indian Ocean shoals by reflection of near equatorial upwelling Rossby waves at the East African
coast into anomalous upwelling equatorial Kelvin waves. Strengthening (weakening) of northern (southern) portion of ITCZ in
March/April and May/June of IOD years, leads to strengthening of alongshore winds along Sumatra/Java coasts. With the combined
shallow thermocline and increased latent heat flux due to enhanced wind speeds, the SST in the southeastern Indian Ocean cools
in following months. On intraseasonal time scales convection-suppressing phase of Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) propagates
from west to east in May/June of IOD year, and easterlies associated with this phase of MJO causes further shoaling of thermocline
in southeastern Indian Ocean, through anomalous upwelling Kelvin wave. All these three mechanisms appear to be involved in
initiating IOD event in 2006. On the other hand, except the strengthening/weakening of ITCZ, all other mechanisms are involved
in activation of 2003 IOD event. Activation of 2007 IOD event was due to propagation of convection-suppressing MJO in May/June
and strengthening of mean winds along Sumatra/Java coast from March to June through changes in convection. The IOD events
matured into full-fledged events in the following months after activation, by surface heat fluxes, vertical and horizontal
advection of cool waters supported by local along-shore upwelling favorable winds and remote equatorial easterly wind anomalies
through excitation of upwelling Kelvin waves. Propagating MJO signals in the tropical Indian Ocean brings significant changes
in evolution of IOD events on MJO time scales. Termination of 2003 and 2007 IOD events is achieved by strong convection-enhancing
MJOs propagating from west to east in the tropical Indian Ocean which deepen the thermocline in the southeastern equatorial
Indian Ocean. IOD event in 2006 was terminated by seasonal reversal of monsoon winds along Sumatra/Java coasts which stops
the local coastal upwelling. 相似文献
94.
Satyaban B. Ratna Swadhin Behera J. Venkata Ratnam Keiko Takahashi Toshio Yamagata 《Climate Dynamics》2013,41(2):421-441
Strong cases of the tropical temperate troughs (TTT) that are responsible for the most of the summer rainfall over subtropical southern Africa are analyzed. An index for identifying the TTT is introduced for the first time using anomalies of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and the wind. The TTT is associated with a ridge-trough-ridge wave-like structure in the lower troposphere over southern Africa and the adjoining Indian Ocean. Therefore, the index considers physical processes that occur over southern Africa, adjoining the Atlantic and Indian Oceans to depict the variability of the TTT events. Unusually strong TTT events are identified when the standard deviations of the TTT indices defined by the OLR and wind anomalies in the selected regions are above 1.5 and 0.5 respectively. After applying this criterion and filtering out consecutive events, 55 TTT events are identified during the study period of December–January–February seasons from 1980–1981 to 2009–2010. From the composite analyses of those 55 events, it is found that the TTTs evolve with suppressed (enhanced) convection over the southwest Indian Ocean adjacent to Madagascar (southern Africa). The suppressed convection is, in turn, found to be associated with the enhanced convection around Sumatra in the southeast tropical Indian Ocean. This may explain why more TTT events occur in La Niña years as compared to El Niño years. Time evolution of the canonical TTT event shows that it starts 3 days prior to the mature phase of the event, suggesting possible predictability. After reaching a matured state, the system moves east toward the Indian Ocean and decays within the subsequent couple of days. In addition, the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) structure changes over Southern Africa/Madagascar during the TTT event and remains similar to climatology over other regions. The results indicate that the continental part of the ITCZ intensifies prior to the TTT event and then spreads southward following the mid-latitude influence during and after the event. 相似文献
95.
Megan Ceronsky Cameron Hepburn Michael Obersteiner Yoshiki Yamagata 《Climate Policy》2013,13(4):347-357
Abstract Kagan (2002) argues that the different responses of Europeans and Americans to major strategic and international challenges is not simply due to differences in the current administrations, but rather results from (i) a power gap and (ii) differing ideologies. This article applies Kagan's theory to climate policy, employing terrorism policy as a point of comparison. We argue that the power gap between Europe and America is unable to explain the differences in climate policy. In contrast, the ideology gap may indeed have some explanatory value. Furthermore, we argue that one additional feature is critical—the costs and benefits imposed by climate change and terrorism prevention, and the process by which such costs and benefits are evaluated, differ between America and Europe. 相似文献
96.
R. S. Ajayamohan H. Annamalai Jing-Jia Luo Jan Hafner Toshio Yamagata 《Climate Dynamics》2011,37(5-6):851-867
The study compares the simulated poleward migration characteristics of boreal summer intraseasonal oscillations (BSISO) in a suite of coupled ocean?Catmospheric model sensitivity integrations. The sensitivity experiments are designed in such a manner to allow full coupling in specific ocean basins but forced by temporally varying monthly climatological sea surface temperature (SST) adopted from the fully coupled model control runs (ES10). While the local air?Csea interaction is suppressed in the tropical Indian Ocean and allowed in the other oceans in the ESdI run, it is suppressed in the tropical Pacific and allowed in the other oceans in the ESdP run. Our diagnostics show that the basic mean state in precipitation and easterly vertical shear as well as the BSISO properties remain unchanged due to either inclusion or exclusion of local air?Csea interaction. In the presence of realistic easterly vertical shear, the continuous emanation of Rossby waves from the equatorial convection is trapped over the monsoon region that enables the poleward propagation of BSISO anomalies in all the model sensitivity experiments. To explore the internal processes that maintain the tropospheric moisture anomalies ahead of BSISO precipitation anomalies, moisture and moist static energy budgets are performed. In all model experiments, advection of anomalous moisture by climatological winds anchors the moisture anomalies that in turn promote the northward migration of BSISO precipitation. While the results indicate the need for realistic simulation of all aspects of the basic state, our model results need to be taken with caution because in the ECHAM family of coupled models the internal variance at intraseasonal timescales is indeed very high, and therefore local air?Csea interactions may not play a pivotal role. 相似文献
97.
Abstract Elemental and isotopic compositions of noble gases extracted from the bore hole water in Osaka plain, central Japan were examined. The water samples were collected from four shallow bore holes (180-450 m) and seven deep bore holes (600-1370 m) which have been used for an urban resort hot spring zone. The water temperatures of the deep bore holes were 22-50°C and that of the shallow bore holes, 13-23°C. The elemental abundance patterns show the progressive enrichment of the heavier noble gases compared with the atmospheric noble gas composition except for He, which is heavily enriched in deep bore hole water samples. 3 He/4 He ratios from the bore holes reaching the Ryoke granitic basement were higher than the atmospheric value (1.4 × 10−6 ), indicating a release of mantle He through the basement. The highest value of 8.2 × 10−6 is in the range of arc volcanism. On the other hand, the bore holes in sedimentary rocks overlying the basement release He enriched in radiogenic 4 He, resulted in a low 3 He/4 He ratio of 0.5 × 10−6 . 4 He/20 Ne and 40 Ar/36 Ar ratios indicate that the air contamination is generally larger in shallow bore holes than in deep ones from each site. The helium enriched in mantle He is compatible with the previous work which suggested up-rising magma in 'Kinki Spot', the area of Osaka and western Wakayama, in spite of no volcanic activity in the area. A model to explain an initiation of magma generation beneath this area is presented. 相似文献
98.
It is demonstrated that nonlinear Rossby modes, such as modons and IG eddies, can be excited in planetary fluids by a sufficiently strong forcing of potential vorticity. When a weak forcing is balanced with a weak dissipation, two (linear and nonlinear) equilibrium states can be produced, depending on the initial condition. When the fluid is inviscid, a sufficiently strong steady forcing may generate a sequence of propagating nonlinear eddies. A weak forcing, by contrast, only generates linear Rossby waves. The criterion which divides the high amplitude nonlinear state and the low amplitude linear state may be interpreted in terms of a ratio of a time necessary to force the eddy to a time for a fluid particle to circulate about the nonlinear eddy once. 相似文献
99.
100.