Grain Dust as an Energy and Food Resource     

Majdi Al-Mahasneh  Mohamad Al-Widyan  Hussein Ababneh  Taha Rababah  Khalil Ereifej 《Natural Resources Research》2008,17(1):13-20

Grain dust is a by-product produced in large quantities from grain storage and milling facilities but as of yet is treated as waste locally and regionally. Based on the conviction that material properties determination is a necessary first step for the efficient handling, processing, and use of materials, this work was initiated with the purpose of characterizing grain dust in terms of its physicochemical and thermal properties. Grain dust as a special waste material is a complex, dry, grey powder, composed mainly of grain chips, soil, whole wheat and barley seeds, and straw. The material was found to have a bulk density of 362 kg/m³, specific heat, thermal conductivity, and gross calorific value were 1540 J/kg K, 0.27 W/m K, and 4120 kJ/kg, respectively. Nutritional composition showed low concentrations of protein, and ether extract, and high concentrations of carbohydrates, ash, and crude fiber. Mineral analysis showed that Ca, Fe, and K were available in significant amounts ranging from 30 to 135 ppm. The as-received material is dry enough to be stored very safely and burned for energy production in either its loose form or as pellets. Moreover, adjustments to the ash content and C:N ratio of the material deems it a promising candidate as an animal feed and as a substrate for composting and biogasification.  相似文献   

Hydraulic conductivity prediction based on grain-size distribution using M5 model tree     

Mojtaba Naeej  Mohamad Reza Naeej  Jafar Salehi  Reyhaneh Rahimi 《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2017,12(2):107-114

The hydraulic conductivity, K_s, is one of the most important hydraulic properties which controls the water and solute movement into the soil. It is measured on soil specimens in the laboratory. On the other hand, sometimes it is obtained by tests carried out in the field by a number of researchers. Therefore, several experimental formulas have developed to predict it. Recently, soft computing tools have been used to evaluate the hydraulic conductivity. However, these tools are not as transparent as empirical formulas. In this study, another soft computing approach, i.e. model trees, have been used for predicting the hydraulic conductivity. The main advantage of model trees is that, unlike the other data learning tools, they are easier to use and represent understandable mathematical rules more clearly. In this paper, a new formula that includes some parameters is derived to estimate the hydraulic conductivity. To develop the new formulas, experimental data sets of hydraulic conductivity were used. A comparison is made between the estimated hydraulic conductivity by this new formula and formulas given by other’s researches.  相似文献   

Tomographic Imaging of Lg and Sn Propagation in the Middle East   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

E. Sandvol  K. Al-Damegh  A. Calvert  D. Seber  M. Barazangi  R. Mohamad  R. Gök  N. Türkelli  C. Gürbüz 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2001,158(7):1121-1163

?—?Observations based on relatively limited data recorded by sparsely distributed stations have indicated that regional seismic phase propagation (Lg and Sn) is very complex in the Middle East. Accurate characterization of regional seismic wave propagation in this region necessitates the use of a large number of seismic stations. We have compiled a large data set of regional and local seismograms recorded in the Middle East. This data set comprises approximately four years of data from national short-period networks in Turkey and Syria, data from temporary broadband arrays in Saudi Arabia and the Caspian Sea region, and data from GSN, MEDNET, and GEOFON stations in the Middle East. We have used this data set to decipher the character and pattern of regional seismic wave propagation. We have mapped zones of blockage as well as inefficient and efficient propagation for Lg, Pg, and Sn throughout the Middle East. Two tomographic techniques have been developed in order to objectively determine regions of lithospheric attenuation in the Middle East.¶We observe evidence of major increase in Lg attenuation, relative to Pg, across the Bitlis suture and the Zagros fold and thrust belt, corresponding to the boundary between the Arabian and Eurasian plates. We also observe a zone of inefficient Sn propagation along the Dead Sea fault system which coincides with low Pn velocities along most of the Dead Sea fault system and with previous observations of poor Sn propagation in western Jordan. Our observations indicate that in the northern portion of the Arabian plate (south of the Bitlis suture) there is also a zone of inefficient Sn propagation that would not have been predicted from prior measurements of relatively low Pn velocities. Mapped high attenuation of Sn correlates well with regions of Cenozoic and Holocene basaltic volcanism. These regions of uppermost mantle shear-wave attenuation most probably have anomously hot and possibly thin lithosphere.  相似文献   

Characterization of a Malaysian mangrove estuary     

J. E. Ong  W. K. Gong  C. H. Wong  Zubir Hj. Din  B. Kjerfve 《Estuaries and Coasts》1991,14(1):38-48

The Sungai Merbok estuary, in wet tropical Peninsular Malaysia, borders the Straits of Malacca. Tide, current, and salinity data are used to describe the salient hydrographic features of the mangrove-fringed system. The Sungai Merbok estuary is characterized by a 1.7 m semidiurnal tide with a 0.16 form number, peak currents of 1.3 m s^?1, and mean freshwater discharge of 20 m³ s^?1. The system is classified as 2a/2b estuary (Hansen and Rattray 1966) or 1a/1b during periods of low runoff. Gravitational circulation is highly variable (but coincides with the neap stratification) and vertical stratification varies from 10^?2 to 1. The estuary displays a pronounced fortnightly neap-spring stratification-destratification cycle. The effective longitudinal dispersion coefficient is approximately 100 m² s^?1.  相似文献   

Use of remote sensing and GIS to determine recharge potential zones: the case of Occidental Lebanon   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

Amin Shaban  Mohamad Khawlie  Chadi Abdallah 《Hydrogeology Journal》2006,14(4):433-443

Water recharge from land surfaces into subsurface media is an essential element in the hydrologic cycle. For a small-scale assessment, experimental approaches are usually followed, however, on a regional scale, this assessment needs to be made into a comprehensive picture where spatial data of the different contributing factors are treated. The case of Occidental Lebanon, with an area of around 5,000 km², was studied by the integration of all factors influencing this hydrologic process. Contributing factors are: lineaments and drainage frequency density, lithologic character, karstic domains and land cover/land use. The determination of these factors was carried out mainly by the application of remote sensing. Satellite images (Landsat 7 ETM &; SPOT) and aerial photos were subjected to several treatment processes using a miscellany of software, mainly ERDAS Imagine and ESRI’s Arc View software. Furthermore, exogenetic data, such as topographic and geologic maps, were utilized. The extracted information for these factors was plotted on maps. The integration of the maps in a GIS allowed deciding their interactive effects. However, each factor had its own degree of effect, i.e., weight, which was also determined in this study. This study is an approach to better estimate and provide qualitative assessments of recharge potential (RP). The resultant map shows the highest recharge potentials towards the elevated regions where karstification is well development. It was found that around 57% of the study area is terrain with very high to high recharge rate values, which a considerable amount of precipitated water is allowed to percolate into subsurface rocks.  相似文献   

Global morphology of ionospheric sporadic E layer from the FormoSat-3/COSMIC GPS radio occultation experiment     

Lung-Chih Tsai  Shin-Yi Su  Chao-Han Liu  Harald Schuh  Jens Wickert  Mohamad Mahdi Alizadeh 《GPS Solutions》2018,22(4):118

Ionospheric sporadic-E (Es) activity and global morphology were studied using the 50 Hz signal-to-noise ratio amplitude and excess phase measurements from the FormoSat-3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (FS3/COSMIC) GPS radio occultation (RO) observations. The results are presented for data collected during the last sunspot cycle from mid-2006 to the end of 2017. The FS3/COSMIC generally performed more than 1000 complete E-region GPS RO observations per day, which were used to retrieve normalized L1-band amplitude standard deviation (SDL1) and relative electron density (N_e) profiles successfully. More or less 31% of those observations were identified as Es events based on SDL1 and peak SDL1 altitude criteria. We found that the peak Es-event i values are approximately proportional to the logarithms of the corresponding peak N_e differences. Five major geographical zones were identified, in which the seasonal and diurnal Es occurrence patterns are markedly different. These five zones include the geomagnetic equatorial zone (??5°?<?magnetic latitude (ML)?<?5°), two extended geomagnetic mid-latitude zones (15°?<?ML?<?55°, and ??55°?<?ML < ??15°), and two auroral zones (70°?<?ML, and ML < ??70°). The Es climatology, namely its variations with each identified zone, altitude, season, and local time has been documented.  相似文献   

Neuro-fuzzy technique to predict air-overpressure induced by blasting     

Danial Jahed Armaghani  Mohsen Hajihassani  Houman Sohaei  Edy Tonnizam Mohamad  Aminaton Marto  Hossein Motaghedi  Mohammad Reza Moghaddam 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2015,8(12):10937-10950

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Effect of Geological Structure on Flyrock Prediction in Construction Blasting     

Edy Tonnizam Mohamad  Chang Shiang Yi  Bhatawdekar Ramesh Murlidhar  Rosli Saad 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2018,36(4):2217-2235

Blasting is sometimes inevitable in civil engineering work, to fragment the massive rock to enable excavation and leveling. In Minyak Beku, Batu Pahat also, blasting is implemented to fragment the rock mass, to reduce the in situ rock level to the required platform for a building construction. However, during blasting work, some rocks get an excessive amount of explosive energy and this energy may generate flyrock. An accident occurred on 15 July 2015 due to this phenomenon, in which one of the workers was killed and two other workers were seriously injured after being hit by the flyrock. The purpose of this study is to investigate the causes of the flyrock accidents through evaluation of rock mass geological structures. The discontinuities present on the rock face were analyzed, to study how they affected the projection and direction of the flyrock. Rock faces with lower mean joint spacing and larger apertures caused excessive flyrock. Based on the steoreonet analysis, it was found that slope failures also produced a significant effect on the direction, if the rock face failure lay in the critical zone area. Empirical models are often used to predict flyrock projection. In this study five empirical models are used to compare the incidents. It was found that none of the existing formulas could accurately predict flyrock distance. Analysis shows that the gap between predicted and actual flyrock can be reduced by including blast deign and geological conditions in forecasts. Analysis revealed only 69% of accuracy could be achieved if blast design is the only parameter to be considered in flyrock projection and the rest is influenced by the geological condition. Other causes of flyrock are discussed. Comparison of flyrock prediction with face bursting, cratering and rifling is carried out with recent prediction models.  相似文献   

Equilibrium and structural studies of silicon(IV) and aluminium(III) in aqueous solution. II. Formation constants for the monosilicate ions SiO(OH)₃ and SiO₂(OH)₂. A precision study at 25°C in a simplified seawater medium     

Staffan Sjberg  Agneta Nordin  Nils Ingri 《Marine Chemistry》1981,10(6)

The hydrolysis of silicic acid, Si(OH)₄, was studied in a simplified seawater medium (0.6 M Na(Cl)) at 25°C. The measurements were performed as potentiometric titrations (hydrogen electrode) in which OH⁻ was generated coulometrically. The total concentration of Si(OH)₄, B, and log[H⁺] were varied within the limits 0.00075 B 0.008 M and 2.5 -log[H⁺] 11.7, respectively. Within these ranges the formation of SiO(OH)₃⁻ and SiO₂(OH)₂²⁻ with formation constants log β₋₁₁(Si(OH)₄ SiO(OH)₃⁻ + H⁺) = −9.472 ±0.002 and log β₋₂₁(Si(OH)₄ SiO₂(OH)₂²⁻ + 2H⁺) = −22.07 ± 0.01 was established. With B > 0.003 M polysilicate complexes are formed, however, with -log[H⁺] 10.7 their formation does not significantly affect the evaluated formation constants. Data were analyzed with the least squares computer program LETAGROPVRID.  相似文献   

Architects and planners approaches to urban form and design in the Toronto region: A comparative analysis     

Mohamad Kashef 《Geoforum》2008,39(1):414-437

This study compares architectural and planning approaches to urban form and design within a North American context. It presents a critical assessment of the results of semi-structured, in-depth interviews with a group of highly experienced architects, landscape architects, and planners from the Greater Toronto Region. Dialogues with practitioners revealed a growing intellectual divide in regard to understanding urban form and design issues. Planners portrayed the urban form as a product of social and economic forces or a backdrop for civic institutions, private development initiatives, and public action. Architects and landscape architects, on the other hand, emphasized the importance of built configurations and spatial relations in shaping economic, social, and cultural patterns. With such a polarized perspective of urban development processes, each group of practitioners proposed different and somewhat contradictory visions for the future of North American built forms. This study develops an understanding of theoretical and pragmatic concerns within design professions (architecture/landscape architecture) and social science professions (planning at large) that hamper the development of integrative urban design visions. It extends an interdisciplinary understanding of built environments and the forces that shape them and paves the way for more in-depth studies aimed at creating more integrative urban design theories and development strategies.  相似文献