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161.
162.
Since 1992 research on the Badia Programme, in north-east Jordan, has begun the process of identifying constraints on development and is suggesting where developmental potential still exists. Still, there are no proven development options to set alongside the traditional pastoralism. Perhaps in the future, service industries will provide the main additional employment opportunities, especially those serving the needs of international trade to and from Iraq and further east. 相似文献
163.
Development planners in arid areas face many difficulties in preparing appropriate strategies. Their task is made harder by the dearth of reliable demographic information. This paper presents population projections for the arid area of eastern Jordan covered by the Badia Research and Development Project and evaluates the economic and social implications of these projections over the next 20 years. The paper argues that conventional demographic forecasting methods are extremely problematic when applied to a population such as this. Furthermore, the pastoral economy, which has in the past been the main source of livelihood, cannot hope to sustain the region's future population. High fertility rates will continue to place great stress on the educational and health infrastructure. If appropriate planning responses are not achieved, the demographic regime of the Badia project area and the quality of life of the population may continue to diverge from the patterns found in other parts of Jordan. 相似文献
164.
Diatom-derived palaeoconductivity estimates for Lake Awassa, Ethiopia: evidence for pulsed inflows of saline groundwater 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Richard J. Telford Henry F. Lamb Mohammed Umer Mohammed 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1999,21(4):409-422
A 6,500-year diatom stratigraphy has been used to infer hydrochemical changes in Lake Awassa, a topographically closed oligosaline lake in the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Conductivity was high from ~6400-6200 BP, and from 5200-4000 BP, with two brief episodes of lower conductivity during the latter period. Although the timing of the conductivity changes is similar to the timing of lake-level change in the nearby Zwai-Shalla basin, their directions are the reverse of that expected from a climatic cause. Dissolution of the tephras which precede both phases of high conductivity cannot explain the increases in salinity, because rhyolitic tephras are only sparingly soluble. Instead, the pulsed input of groundwater made saline by the reaction of silicate minerals and volcanic glass with carbonic acid, formed from the solution of carbon dioxide degassed from magma under the Awassa Caldera, is suggested as a plausible mechanism for the observed change in lake chemistry. Diatom-inferred hydrochemistry cannot therefore be used to reconstruct climate change in Lake Awassa. 相似文献
165.
Woodon Jeong Constantinos Tsingas Mohammed S. Almubarak 《Geophysical Prospecting》2020,68(5):1523-1539
A number of deblending methods and workflows have been reported in the past decades to eliminate the source interference noise recorded during a simultaneous shooting acquisition. It is common that denoising algorithms focusing on optimizing coherency and weighting down/ignoring outliers can be considered as deblending tools. Such algorithms are not only enforcing coherency but also handling outliers either explicitly or implicitly. In this paper, we present a novel approach based on detecting amplitude outliers and its application on deblending based on a local outlier factor that assigns an outlier-ness (i.e. a degree of being an outlier) to each sample of the data. A local outlier factor algorithm quantifies outlier-ness for an object in a data set based on the degree of isolation compared with its locally neighbouring objects. Assuming that the seismic pre-stack data acquired by simultaneous shooting are composed of a set of non-outliers and outliers, the local outlier factor algorithm evaluates the outlier-ness of each object. Therefore, we can separate the data set into blending noise (i.e. outlier) and signal (i.e. non-outlier) components. By applying a proper threshold, objects having high local outlier factors are labelled as outlier/blending noise, and the corresponding data sample could be replaced by zero or a statistically adequate value. Beginning with an explanation of parameter definitions and properties of local outlier factor, we investigate the feasibility of a local outlier factor application on seismic deblending by analysing the parameters of local outlier factor and suggesting specific deblending strategies. Field data examples recorded during simultaneous shooting acquisition show that the local outlier factor algorithm combined with a thresholding can detect and attenuate blending noise. Although the local outlier factor application on deblending shows a few shortcomings, it is consequently noted that the local outlier factor application in this paper obviously achieves benefits in terms of detecting and attenuating blending noise and paves the way for further geophysical applications. 相似文献
166.
Djilali Berkane Hakima Harichane Zamila Çelebi Erkan Elachachi Sidi Mohammed 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2019,18(3):497-509
The goal of this study is to provide a stochastic method to investigate the effects of the randomness of soil properties due to their natural spatial variability on the response spectra spatial variation at sites with varying conditions. For this purpose, Monte Carlo Simulations are used to include the variability of both incident ground motion and soil parameters in the response spectra by mean of an appropriate coherency loss function and a site-dependent transfer function, respectively. The approach is built on the assumption of vertical propagation of SH type waves in soil strata with uncertain parameters. The response spectra are obtained by numerical integration of the governing equation of a single-degree-of-freedom(SDOF) system under non-stationary site-dependent and spatially varying ground motion accelerations simulated with non-uniform spectral densities and coherency loss functions. Numerical examples showed that randomness of soil properties significantly affects the amplitudes of the response spectra, indicating that as the heterogeneity induced by the randomness of the parameters of the medium increases, the spectral ordinates attenuate. 相似文献
167.
P. Devadas Rao N. Ramamani Saleh Mohammed Alladin 《Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy》1987,8(1):17-31
N-Body simulations have been performed to study the tidal effects of a primary stellar system on a secondary stellar system
of density close to the Roche density. Two hyperbolic, one parabolic and one elliptic encounters have been simulated. The
changes in energy, angular momentum, mass distribution, and shape of the secondary system have been determined in each case.
The inner region containing about 40 per cent of the mass was found to be practically unchanged and the mass exterior to the
tidal radius was found to escape. The intermediate region showed tidal distension. The thickness of this region decreased
as we went from hyperbolic encounters to the elliptic encounter keeping the distance of closest approach constant. The numerical
results for the fractional change in energy have been compared with the predictions of the available analytic formulae and
the usefulness and limitations of the formulae have been discussed. 相似文献
168.
Mohammed Adel Sharaf Mervat El-Sayed Awad Samiha Al-Sayed Abdullah Najmuldeen 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1991,55(3):223-231
In this paper the full recurrent power series solution is established for J
2-gravity perturbed motion in terms of the Eulerian redundant parameters. Applications of the method for the problem of the final state prediction are illustrated by numerical examples of some typical ballistic missiles, a final state of very high accuracy is obtained for each case study. 相似文献
169.
Hashim Bassim Mohammed Al Maliki Ali Alraheem Esam Abd Al-Janabi Ahmed Mohammed Sami Halder Bijay Yaseen Zaher Mundher 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2022,148(3-4):881-898
Theoretical and Applied Climatology - Iraq is classified as the fifth most vulnerable country in the world to decreased water and food availability, extreme temperatures, and associated health... 相似文献
170.