Anomalous content of chromium in a Cretaceous sandstone aquifer of the Bauru Basin,state of São Paulo,Brazil     

Reginaldo Bertolo  Christine Bourotte  Leonardo Marcolan  Sonia Oliveira  Ricardo Hirata 《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2011,31(1):69-80

Anomalous and natural concentrations of Cr⁶⁺, occasionally exceeding the permitted limit for human consumption (0.05 mg/L), have been detected in groundwater in the northwestern region of the state of São Paulo. As part of a water-rock interaction investigation, this article describes the chemical and mineralogical characterization of rock samples taken from boreholes in the municipality of Urânia, with the objective of identifying Cr-bearing minerals and determining how chromium is associated with these minerals. Rock sample analysis were performed using X-ray Fluorescence, X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, electron microprobe and sequential extraction techniques. Chemical analyses indicated that the quartzose sandstones show a geochemical anomaly of chromium, with an average content of 221 ppm, which is higher than the reported chromium content of generic sandstones (35 ppm). Diopside was identified as the primary Cr-bearing mineral potentially subject to weathering processes, with a chromium content of up to 1.2% as Cr₂O₃. Many of the diopside grains showed dissolution features, confirming the occurrence of weathering. Sequential extraction experiments indicated that 99.3% of the chromium in samples is tightly bonded to minerals, whereas 0.24% is weakly bonded via adsorption. Assuming hypothetically that all adsorbed chromium is released via desorption, the theoretical Cr concentration in water would be one order of magnitude higher than the concentrations of Cr⁶⁺ detected in groundwater.  相似文献   

Relation between sedimentary framework and hydrogeology in the Guarani Aquifer System in São Paulo state,Brazil     

Ricardo Hirata  Ana Gesicki  Ondra Sracek  Reginaldo Bertolo  Paulo César Giannini  Ramón Aravena 《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2011,31(4):444-456

This paper presents the results of a new investigation of the Guarani Aquifer System (SAG) in São Paulo state. New data were acquired about sedimentary framework, flow pattern, and hydrogeochemistry. The flow direction in the north of the state is towards the southwest and not towards the west as expected previously. This is linked to the absence of SAG outcrop in the northeast of São Paulo state. Both the underlying Pirambóia Formation and the overlying Botucatu Formation possess high porosity (18.9% and 19.5%, respectively), which was not modified significantly by diagenetic changes. Investigation of sediments confirmed a zone of chalcedony cement close to the SAG outcrop and a zone of calcite cement in the deep confined zone. The main events in the SAG post-sedimentary history were: (1) adhesion of ferrugineous coatings on grains, (2) infiltration of clays in eodiagenetic stage, (3) regeneration of coatings with formation of smectites, (4) authigenic overgrowth of quartz and K-feldspar in advanced eodiagenetic stage, (5) bitumen cementation of Pirambóia Formation in mesodiagenetic stage, (6) cementation by calcite in mesodiagenetic and telodiagenetic stages in Pirambóia Formation, (7) formation of secondary porosity by dissolution of unstable minerals after appearance of hydraulic gradient and penetration of the meteoric water caused by the uplift of the Serra do Mar coastal range in the Late Cretaceous, (8) authigenesis of kaolinite and amorphous silica in unconfined zone of the SAG and cation exchange coupled with the dissolution of calcite at the transition between unconfined and confined zone, and (9) authigenesis of analcime in the confined SAG zone. The last two processes are still under operation. The deep zone of the SAG comprises an alkaline pH, Na–HCO₃ groundwater type with old water and enriched δ¹³C values (<?3.9), which evolved from a neutral pH, Ca–HCO₃ groundwater type with young water and depleted δ¹³C values (>?18.8) close to the SAG outcrop. This is consistent with a conceptual geochemical model of the SAG, suggesting dissolution of calcite driven by cation exchange, which occurs at a relatively narrow front recently moving downgradient at much slower rate compared to groundwater flow. More depleted values of δ¹⁸O in the deep confined zone close to the Paraná River compared to values of relative recent recharged water indicate recharge occur during a period of cold climate. The SAG is a “storage-dominated” type of aquifer which has to be managed properly to avoid its overexploitation.  相似文献   

高密度地震观测揭示的2004年新潟县中部地震的凹凸体和障碍体     

A.Kato  T.Miyatake  N.Hirata  袁志祥 《世界地震译丛》2011,(2)

使用由极密集的临时地震台台网观测的余震到时,阐明了2004年新潟县中部地震主震断层的高分辨率速度结构。评估了速度结构与滑动、应力变化及余震分布的空间关系。根据运动学滑动模型,结合三维地壳结构,计算了断层上静态应力降的分布。具有低余震活动性的高速体十分接近主震的震源,并扩展到了断层的东北侧。该高速体大致与凹凸体重合,其同震滑动量和静态应力降高于周边地区。相比之下,在该高速体的浅外围观测到了负应力降区,沉积厚度向西南方向急剧增加且该区余震活动频繁。我们认为断层破坏区周围围岩的结构非均匀性具有控制主震断层动态破裂过程的显著潜势。  相似文献   

Options for monitoring and estimating historical carbon emissions from forest degradation in the context of REDD+     

Herold M  Román-Cuesta RM  Mollicone D  Hirata Y  Van Laake P  Asner GP  Souza C  Skutsch M  Avitabile V  Macdicken K 《Carbon balance and management》2011,6(1):13

Measuring forest degradation and related forest carbon stock changes is more challenging than measuring deforestation since degradation implies changes in the structure of the forest and does not entail a change in land use, making it less easily detectable through remote sensing. Although we anticipate the use of the IPCC guidance under the United Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), there is no one single method for monitoring forest degradation for the case of REDD+ policy. In this review paper we highlight that the choice depends upon a number of factors including the type of degradation, available historical data, capacities and resources, and the potentials and limitations of various measurement and monitoring approaches. Current degradation rates can be measured through field data (i.e. multi-date national forest inventories and permanent sample plot data, commercial forestry data sets, proxy data from domestic markets) and/or remote sensing data (i.e. direct mapping of canopy and forest structural changes or indirect mapping through modelling approaches), with the combination of techniques providing the best options. Developing countries frequently lack consistent historical field data for assessing past forest degradation, and so must rely more on remote sensing approaches mixed with current field assessments of carbon stock changes. Historical degradation estimates will have larger uncertainties as it will be difficult to determine their accuracy. However improving monitoring capacities for systematic forest degradation estimates today will help reduce uncertainties even for historical estimates.  相似文献   

Is the empirical coefficient b for the relaxed eddy accumulation method constant?     

Ayaka Sakabe  Masahito Ueyama  Yoshiko Kosugi  Ken Hamotani  Takashi Hirano  Ryuichi Hirata 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2014,71(1):79-94

The relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) method is an attractive alternative to the eddy covariance method to measure trace-gas flux, because it allows the use of analyzers with an optimal integration time to reduce the noise. However, the use of an empirical coefficient b results in uncertainties in the REA method. The consistency of b for temperature was investigated using a 1 year dataset obtained at three forest sites in East Asia: a temperate evergreen coniferous forest, a tropical evergreen broadleaf forest, and a cool-temperate deciduous coniferous forest. The observational b ranged from 0.54 to 0.57 under unstable conditions. Although the values for observational b were within narrow ranges among the sites, there were slight site-specific differences. We introduced new expression of b, similarity b, based on scalar similarity using the integral turbulence characteristics to investigate the nature of b. Both the observational and similarity b increased with increasing atmospheric stability under stable conditions, when lower values for the standard deviation of the vertical wind velocity resulted in higher values for b. The variations in b under stable conditions differed among sites. There were no seasonal variations in the observational b at all sites. Consequently, the present study recommends determining the coefficient b for unstable conditions for each site and considering changes in b associated with atmospheric stability in order to minimize errors in the REA method.  相似文献   

The aquifer pollution vulnerability concept: aid or impediment in promoting groundwater protection?     

Stephen Foster  Ricardo Hirata  Bartolome Andreo 《Hydrogeology Journal》2013,21(7):1389-1392

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Behavior of zircon in the upper-amphibolite to granulite facies schist/migmatite transition, Ryoke metamorphic belt, SW Japan: constraints from the melt inclusions in zircon     

Tetsuo Kawakami  Isao Yamaguchi  Akira Miyake  Tomoyuki Shibata  Kenshi Maki  Takaomi D. Yokoyama  Takafumi Hirata 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2013,165(3):575-591

Behavior of zircon at the schist/migmatite transition is investigated. Syn-metamorphic overgrowth is rare in zircon in schists, whereas zircon in migmatites has rims with low Th/U that give 90.3 ± 2.2 Ma U–Pb concordia age. Between inherited core and the metamorphic rim, a thin, dark-CL annulus containing melt inclusion is commonly developed, suggesting that it formed contemporaneous with the rim in the presence of melt. In diatexites, the annulus is further truncated by the brighter-CL overgrowth, suggesting the resorption and regrowth of the zircon after near-peak metamorphism. Part of the zircon rim crystallized during the solidification of the melt in migmatites. Preservation of angular-shaped inherited core of 5–10 μm in zircon included in garnet suggests that zircon of this size did not experience resorption but developed overgrowths during near-peak metamorphism. The Ostwald ripening process consuming zircon less than 5–10 μm is required to form new overgrowths. Curved crystal size distribution pattern for fine-grained zircons in a diatexite sample may indicate the contribution of this process. Zircon less than 20 μm is confirmed to be an important sink of Zr in metatexites, and ca. 35-μm zircon without detrital core are common in diatexites, supporting new nucleation of zircon in migmatites. In the Ryoke metamorphic belt at the Aoyama area, monazite from migmatites records the prograde growth age of 96.5 ± 1.9 Ma. Using the difference of growth timing of monazite and zircon, the duration of metamorphism higher than the amphibolite facies grade is estimated to be ca. 6 Myr.  相似文献   

Ellipticity of dark matter haloes with galaxy–galaxy weak lensing     

Rachel Mandelbaum  Christopher M. Hirata  Tamara Broderick  Uro&#; Seljak  Jonathan Brinkmann 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,370(2):1008-1024

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Nonradial oscillations in zeta ophiuchi in 1991     

E. Kambe  H. Ando  R. Hirata 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1993,210(1-2):219-221

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Seismological monitoring on the 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake, derived from off Kushiro permanent cabled OBSs and land-based observations     

Tomoki Watanabe  Hiroaki Takahashi  Masayoshi Ichiyanagi  Muneo Okayama  Masamitsu Takada  Riyo Otsuka  Kenji Hirata  Shigehiko Morita  Minoru Kasahara  Hitoshi Mikada   《Tectonophysics》2006,426(1-2):107

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center installed a cabled geophysical observatory system off Kushiro, Hokkaido Island in July 1999. This observatory system comprises three ocean bottom seismographs (OBSs), two tsunami gauges, and a geophysical/geochemical monitoring system. 4 years and 2 months after the installation, a megathrust earthquake (the 2003 Tokachi-Oki earthquake, 26th September in Japan Standard Time (JST), M_JMA 8.0) occurred along a plate boundary underneath a forearc basin where the system is located. The system recorded clear unsaturated seismograms just at 28.6 km from the epicenter. This paper demonstrates advantages brought by the cabled observatory to record the megathrust earthquake showing how earthquake detectability is improved dramatically combining permanent OBS and land-based observations around the region, and importance of the in situ monitoring on the seismogenic zone. In the present study, processing OBSs and land-based network together, and comparing magnitudes of common observed earthquakes with national authorized network, event detection level improved down to M 1.5, which is much lower than the previously designed as down to M  2. Comparing detection level before and after installing OBSs, we found dramatic improvement of the earthquake detection level in the interesting region. Real-time continuous observations of microearthquakes since 1999 have brought us tremendous findings. First, a seismic quiescence started about 10 days before the 2003 Tokachi-Oki earthquake. Second, aftershock distribution is not uniform over the focal area and can be divided into several sub-regions, which might indicate an existence of several asperities. We think that the geophysical observations helped to understand the initiation process of the rupture of the 2003 Tokachi-Oki earthquake and that observations including seismological, geodynamic, hydrogeological, and the other multidisciplinary observations would provide a clue to future understanding of seismogenic processes at subduction zones.  相似文献