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The Hawaiian Lee Countercurrent (HLCC) is an eastward surface current flowing against the broad westward flow of the North Pacific subtropical circulation. Analyses of satellite altimeter data over 16 years revealed that the HLCC is characterized by strong interannual variations. The strength and meridional location of the HLCC axis varied significantly year by year. The eastward velocity of the HLCC was higher when the location of the axis was stable. Mechanisms for the interannual variations were explored by analyses of the altimeter data and results from a simple baroclinic model. The interannual variations in the strength of the HLCC did not correlate with those of the wind stress curl (WSC) dipole formed on the leeward side of the Hawaii Islands, although the WSC dipole has been recognized as the generation mechanism of the HLCC. Meridional gradients of the sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) across the HLCC generated by baroclinic Rossby waves propagating westward from the east of the Hawaii Islands were suggested as a possible mechanism for the interannual variations in the HLCC. The spatial patterns in the observed SSHAs were reproduced by a linear baroclinic Rossby wave model forced by wind fields from a numerical weather prediction model. Further analysis of the wind data suggested that positive and negative anomalies of WSC associated with changes in the trade winds in the area east of the Hawaii Islands are a major forcing for generating SSHAs that lead to the HLCC variations with a time lag of about 1 year. 相似文献
115.
Jun Ono Kay I. Ohshima Keisuke Uchimoto Naoto Ebuchi Humio Mitsudera Hajime Yamaguchi 《Journal of Oceanography》2013,69(4):413-428
To conduct the simulation of oil spills in the Sea of Okhotsk, we developed a three-dimensional, high-resolution ocean circulation model. The model particularly improved the reproducibility of velocity field during the strong stratification period. Particle-tracking experiments with the effects of evaporation and biodegradation were performed using the combined data of daily ocean currents from the present model and the hourly diurnal tidal currents from the tidal model. The results are shown by the relative concentration of the particles averaged over the 8 years of 1998–2005 based on the ensemble forecast idea. For the case of particles released from the Sakhalin II oil field, the particles deployed in September–January are carried southward by the East Sakhalin Current, finally arriving at the Hokkaido coast, after 60–90 days. The particles deployed in March–August are diffused offshore by the synoptic wind drift, and hardly transported to regions south of Sakhalin. For the case of particles released from the region off Prigorodnoye, the oil export terminal, after the diffusion by the synoptic wind drift, a part of them are carried offshore of Hokkaido by the Soya Warm Current. The particles released in November–April flow out to the Japan Sea through the Soya Strait, mainly by the synoptic wind drift and secondly by the diffusion due to strong tidal currents around the Soya Strait. By considering the effects of evaporation and biodegradation, the relative concentration of the particles is considerably decreased before arriving at the Hokkaido coast, particularly in the case of drift from the Sakhalin II oil field. 相似文献
116.
Koichiro Fujimoto Hidemi Tanaka Takayuki Higuchi Naoto Tomida Tomoyuki Ohtani Hisao Ito 《Island Arc》2001,10(3-4):401-410
Abstract Mineralogical and geochemical studies on the fault rocks from the Nojima–Hirabayashi borehole, south-west Japan, are performed to clarify the alteration and mass transfer in the Nojima Fault Zone at shallow depths. A complete sequence from the hornblende–biotite granodiorite protolith to the fault core can be observed without serious disorganization by surface weathering. The parts deeper than 426.2 m are in the fault zone where rocks have suffered fault-related deformation and alteration. Characteristic alteration minerals in the fault zone are smectite, zeolites (laumontite, stilbite), and carbonate minerals (calcite and siderite). It is inferred that laumontite veins formed at temperatures higher than approximately 100°C during the fault activity. A reverse component in the movement of the Nojima Fault influences the distribution of zeolites. Zeolite is the main sealing mineral in relatively deep parts, whereas carbonate is the main sealing mineral at shallower depths. Several shear zones are recognized in the fault zone. Intense alteration is localized in the gouge zones. Rock chemistry changes in a different manner between different shear zones in the fault zone. The main shear zone (MSZ), which corresponds to the core of the Nojima Fault, shows increased concentration of most elements except Si, Al, Na, and K. However, a lower shear zone (LSZ-2), which is characterized by intense alteration rather than cataclastic deformation, shows a decreased concentration of most elements including Ti and Zr. A simple volume change analysis based on Ti and Zr immobility, commonly used to examine the changes in fault rock chemistry, cannot account fully for the different behaviors of Ti and Zr among the two gouge zones. 相似文献
117.
Jingzhe Zheng Kiichi Suzuki Naoto Ohbo J.H. Prevost 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》1996,15(6):369-379
The evaluation of a countermeasure against liquefaction which uses a sheet pilering for oil tank sites is presented. The simulation of earthquake responses observed at tank sites with and without sheet pile-ring is first performed to validate the three-dimensional finite element numerical model. Using the numerical model, liquefaction analysis is performed and the excess pore water pressure generated in the soil and the settlement of tank are investigated. The comparison of two- and three-dimensional models is also conducted to assess the applicability of two-dimensional analysis. The results show that the numerical model could simulate the observed earthquake responses of tank-ring-soil system, and that the excess pore water pressure and the settlement of the tank could be significantly reduced using a sheet pile-ring. The two-dimensional analysis proves to be capable of representing the main features of the dynamic response of the three-dimensional tank-ring-soil system. 相似文献
118.
We have measured helium isotopic ratios of thirty-seven Pacific water samples from various depths collected in adjacent regions
of Honshu, Japan. The 3He/4He ratios vary significantly from 0.989 R
atm to 1.208 R
atm where R
atm is the atmospheric ratio of 1.39 × 10−6. The mid-depth (750–1500 m) profile of 3He/4He ratios at ST-1 located Northwestern Pacific Ocean east of Japan (Off Joban; 37°00′ N, 142°40′ E) is significantly different
from that at ST-2 of the Northern Philippine Sea south of Japan (Nankai Trough; 33°07′ N, 139°59′ E), suggesting that these
waters were separated by a topographic barrier, the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge. Taking 3He/4He data of the Geosecs expeditions in the western North Pacific, an extensive plume of 15% excess 3He relative to the air may be traced at ST-1 over 12,000 kilometers to the northwest of the East Pacific Rise where the mantle
helium may originate. The 20% excess found at ST-2 may be attributable to the additional source of the subduction-type mantle
helium in the Okinawa Trough. A 15% excess of 3He has also been discovered at a depth of about 1000∼1500 m at ST-3 adjacent to Miyakejima Island (33°57′ N, 139°22′ E) and
ST-4 of Sagami Bay (35°00′ N, 139°22′ E). It is confirmed that mid-depth all over the western North Pacific water is affected
by the mantle helium with a high 3He/4He ratio.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
119.
The Dogo hot spring, situated in Matsuyama City, Ehime Prefecture, Japan, is one of the oldest and most famous hot springs
in Japan. The groundwater level or discharge at the spring decreased four times during the past eight or nine Nankai earthquakes.
These are large interplate earthquakes that have occurred repeatedly in the western part of the Nankai Trough at intervals
of 100–200 years since A.D. 684. To clarify the mechanism of these earthquake-related changes in the water level at the spring,
we analyzed groundwater-level data recorded at the spring immediately after the 1946 Nankai earthquake and over the period
from 1985 to 2006. We detected the other nine postseismic increases in groundwater level and no decreases, except for a large
decrease of 11.4 m related to the 1946 Nankai earthquake. The increases were probably caused by ground-shaking, while the
decrease was caused by a change in coseismic volumetric strain. These results lead to the following explanation of the recorded
earthquake-related changes in the groundwater level at the Dogo hot spring. Both coseismic changes in volumetric strain and
ground-shaking can lead to postseismic changes in groundwater pressure. The increase in groundwater pressure arising from
ground-shaking is generally greater than the change in pressure associated with changes in coseismic volumetric strain; however,
at the time of the Nankai earthquakes, the spring experiences a large increase in coseismic volumetric strain, leading to
a considerably larger decrease in the groundwater level than the increase associated with ground-shaking. Therefore, the groundwater
level at the Dogo hot spring usually increases at times of relatively large earthquakes, although the groundwater level or
discharge decreases in the case of the Nankai earthquakes. 相似文献
120.
Yuichi Kitagawa Naoji Koizumi Ryu Ohtani Kunihiko Watanabe Satoshi Itaba 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2006,163(4):657-673
To understand the detailed process of fault activity, aseismic slip may play a crucial role. Aseismic slip of inland faults
in Japan is not well known, except for that related to the Atotsugawa fault. To know whether aseismic slip does not occur,
or is merely not detected, is an important question. The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
constructed an observation site near Yasutomi fault, a part of the Yamasaki fault system, and has collected data on the crustal
strain field, groundwater pressures, and crustal movement using GPS. In a departure from the long-term trend, a transient
change of the crustal strain field lasting a few months was recorded. It indicated the possibility of
an aseismic slip event. Furthermore, analyses of data from the extensometers at Yasutomi and Osawa observation vaults of Kyoto
University, as well as GPS data from the Geographical Survey Institute (GEONET), revealed unsteady crustal strain changes.
All data could be explained by local, left-lateral, aseismic slip of the order of 1 mm in the shallow part of the Yasutomi
fault. 相似文献