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101.
This study reports results from an analysis of the relationship between atmospheric forcing and model‐simulated water and energy fluxes for the North American Land Data Assimilation System Project Phase 2 (NLDAS‐2). The relationships between mean monthly precipitation and total runoff are stronger in the Sacramento (SAC) and variable infiltration capacity (VIC) models, which grew out of the hydrological community, than in the Noah and Mosaic models, which grew out of the soil‐vegetation‐atmosphere transfer (SVAT) community. The reverse is true for the relationship between mean monthly precipitation and evapotranspiration. In addition, surface energy fluxes in VIC are less sensitive to model forcing (except for air temperature) than those in the Noah and Mosaic model. Notwithstanding these general conclusions, the relationships between forcings and model‐simulated water and energy fluxes for all models vary for different seasons, variables, and regions. These findings will ultimately inspire a combination of SVAT‐type model energy components with hydrological model water components to develop a SVAT‐hydrology model to improve both evapotranspiration and total runoff simulations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
102.
Christopher J. Yeats Ernst A. Kohler Neal J. McNaughton Luke J. Tkatchyk 《Mineralium Deposita》2001,36(2):125-136
The 7 million oz. Jundee–Nimary lode-gold deposit occurs in the northern portion of the Yandal greenstone belt in the northeastern
part of the Archean Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia. Gold mineralization at Jundee–Nimary is similar in structural style,
mineralogy, geochemistry and relative timing with respect to deformation and metamorphism, to other Western Australian Archean
greenstone-hosted gold deposits, but is unusual in the fact that mineralized structures are crosscut by structurally late
intermediate to felsic dykes. Within the Deakin South open cut, gold mineralization is hosted in brittle–ductile shear zones
primarily developed within the dacitic Mitchell Porphyry. The Moore Porphyry, a broad dyke of porphyritic granodiorite, intrudes
the Mitchell Porphyry, crosscutting and post-dating gold mineralization. Analytically indistinguishable SHRIMP U–Pb zircon
ages of 2678 ± 5 Ma for the Mitchell Porphyry and 2669 ± 7 Ma for the Moore Porphyry require that gold mineralization at Jundee–Nimary
occurred at ca. 2680–2660 Ma, approximately 40 million years earlier than the majority of published robust ages for gold mineralization
in the Yilgarn Craton, which mostly overlap at ca. 2640–2630 Ma. The close spatial and temporal relationship between gold
mineralization and felsic to intermediate magmatism at Jundee–Nimary also raises the possibility of a genetic link between
hydrothermal and igneous activity. However, additional work is required to establish a firm connection. Current research on
lode-gold mineralization in Archean, Paleozoic and Phanerozoic terranes suggests a model which postulates that these deposits
formed during transpressional to compressional deformation in accretionary and collisional orogens and that their formation
is intimately related to orogenic processes. Consequently, mineralization and regional metamorphism are expected to be diachronous,
as terranes are accreted and the front of orogenesis migrates. Consideration of the new data presented in this paper in conjunction
with previously published dates supports the hypothesis that gold mineralization, along with regional metamorphism, was generally
diachronous from northeast to southwest across the Yilgarn Craton, over a period of approximately 40 million years from ca.
2680–2660 Ma to ca. 2640–2630 Ma. This is directly analogous to the accepted model for the timing of orogenic lode-gold mineralization
in other provinces and therefore provides further support for a unified model for this style of deposit through geological
time.
Received: 17 March 2000 / Accepted: 8 September 2000 相似文献
103.
Internal structure of a trough blowout, determined from migrated ground-penetrating radar profiles 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) was used to investigate the relationship between the geomorphological development of a large aeolian trough blowout and the stratigraphy and internal sedimentary structure of its associated deposits. Although analogous, many of the data‐processing techniques routinely applied in seismic reflection are very rarely applied in GPR studies. In this study, a simple migration program was used that significantly enhanced the quality of GPR images from a large trough blowout at Raven Meols on the Sefton coast, northwest England. These improvements aided subsequent data interpretation, which was achieved through application of the principles of radar stratigraphy. GPR shows the pre‐blowout dunes to have a complex internal structure that suggests they were formed in the presence of at least a partial vegetation cover. Subsequent to stabilization of these dunes a thin soil developed. This dune soil forms an important radar sequence boundary and delineates a complex topography beneath the depositional lobe of the blowout. The internal structure of the depositional lobe of the blowout does not conform to a model of simple radial foreset deposition, as derived from contemporary process studies reported in the literature. Instead, the pattern of deposition has been extensively modified by the antecedent dune topography and by varying spatial and temporal exposure to important sand‐transporting winds that is partly controlled by interactions between the regional wind pattern and local dune morphology. Trough blowout deposits in coastal aeolian sedimentary sequences are likely to be recognized by the presence of laterally continuous packets of relatively high‐angle cross‐strata, which often display a spatially‐variable radial dip pattern that is only very poorly or partially developed. In addition, a soil, or other surface representing a significant hiatus in dune deposition, is likely to underlie the blowout deposits, the topography of which will show a clear relationship to the dip and orientation of the overlying cross‐strata. 相似文献
104.
Jesse C. Dann 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2001,63(7):462-481
Komatiites of the 3.5-Ga Komati Formation are ultramafic lavas (>23% MgO) erupted in a submarine, lava plain environment. Newly discovered vesicular komatiites have vesicular upper crusts disrupted by synvolcanic structures that are similar to inflation-related structures of modern lava flows. Detailed outcrop maps reveal flows with upper vesicular zones, 2-15 m thick, which were (1) rotated by differential inflation, (2) intruded by dikes from the interior of the flow, (3) extended, forming a flooded graben, and/or (4) entirely engulfed. The largest inflated structure is a tumulus with 20 m of surface relief, which was covered by a compound flow unit of spinifex flow lobes. The lava that inflated and rotated the upper vesicular crust did not vesiculate, but crystallized as a thick spinifex zone with fist-size skeletal olivine. Instead of representing rapidly cooled lava, the spinifex zone cooled slowly beneath an insulating upper crust during inflation. Overpressure of the inflating lava may have inhibited vesiculation. This work describes the oldest vesicular komatiites known, illustrates the first field evidence for inflated structures in komatiite flows, proposes a new factor in the development of spinifex zones, and concludes that the inflation model is useful for understanding the evolution of komatiite submarine flow fields. 相似文献
105.
106.
Charles W. Neal Robert T. Dodd Eugene Jarosewich Michael E. Lipschutz 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1981,45(6):891-898
Radiochemical neutron activation analysis of Ag, As, Au, Bi, Co, Cs, Ga, In, Rb, Sb, Te, Tl and Zn and major element data in 14 L4-6 and 3 LL5 chondrites indicates that the L-group is unusually variable and may represent at least 2 sub-groups differing in formation history. Chemical trends in the S/Fe-rich sub-group support textural evidence indicating late loss of a shock-formed Fe-Ni-S melt; the S/Fe-poor sub-group seemingly reflects nebular fractionation only. Highly mobile In and Zn apparently reflect shock-induced loss from L-chondrites. Data for L5 chondrites suggest higher formation temperatures and/or degrees of shock than for LL5 chondrites. 相似文献
107.
Experimental calibration of lake-sediment spectral reflectance to chlorophyll a concentrations: methodology and paleolimnological validation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Alexander P. Wolfe Rolf D. Vinebrooke Neal Michelutti Benoit Rivard Biplob Das 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2006,36(1):91-100
Chlorophyll a preserved in lake sediments reflects, in part, past primary production. This study assesses the spectral properties of sedimentary
chlorophyll a using visible-near infrared reflectance (VNIR) spectroscopy, with the objective of establishing a new, non-destructive paleolimnological
proxy. Reflectance spectra were determined from a dilution series (n = 10) involving incremental additions of pulverized modern algae to a lake sediment matrix of low organic content. This enabled
an assessment of the development of sediment reflectance spectra in relation to different sediment chlorophyll a concentrations, and subsequent regression of spectral features against measured concentrations of chlorophyll a and derivatives obtained by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The experiment demonstrates that ubiquitous troughs
in sediment reflectance near 675 nm are attributable to chlorophyll a and derivative compounds. A significant correlation (r
2 = 0.98, P < 0.01) was obtained between the area of the reflectance trough in the 650–700 nm interval and summed concentrations of chlorophyll
a, all derivative isomers, and degradational pheopigments. A simple linear inference model derived from this experiment was
applied to a down-core sequence of VNIR spectra from a productive prairie lake (Alberta, Canada), where it produced inferred
sediment chlorophyll a concentrations in concordance with HPLC measurements. Although a larger training set is desirable to further refine the inference
model, the analyses reported here demonstrate that reflectance spectroscopy provides a rapid, semi-quantitative method for
assessing the chlorophyll a content of lake sediments. 相似文献
108.
A discontinuous pumiceous sand, a few centimeters to tens of centimeters thick, is located up to 15 m above mean high tide
within Holocene peat along the northern Bristol Bay coastline of Alaska. The bed consists of fine-to-coarse, poorly to moderately
well-sorted, pumice-bearing sand near the top of a 2-m-thick peat sequence. The sand bed contains rip-up clasts of peat and
tephra and is unique in the peat sequence. Major element compositions of juvenile glass from the deposit and radiocarbon dating
of enclosing peat support correlation of the pumiceous sand with the caldera-forming eruption of Aniakchak Volcano. The distribution
of the sand and its sedimentary characteristics are consistent with emplacement by tsunami. The pumiceous sand most likely
represents redeposition by tsunami of climactic fallout tephra and beach sand during the approximately 3.5 ka Aniakchak caldera-forming
eruption on the Alaska Peninsula. We propose that a tsunami was generated by the sudden entrance of a rapidly moving, voluminous
pyroclastic flow from Aniakchak into Bristol Bay. A seismic trigger for the tsunami is unlikely, because tectonic structures
suitable for tsunami generation are present only south of the Alaska Peninsula. The pumiceous sand in coastal peat of northern
Bristol Bay is the first documented geologic evidence of a tsunami initiated by a volcanic eruption in Alaska.
Received: 3 December 1997 / Accepted: 11 April 1998 相似文献
109.
Stability diagrams have been frequently used to demonstrate aluminium solubility controls in acidic stream and soil waters. This paper shows that it is possible by this method to generate apparent controls using random numbers in place of stream chemistry data. Thermodynamic arguments demonstrate that a wide variety of reactions can produce relationships similar to Al(OH)3 solubility controls. It is proposed that stability diagrams alone should be used with great caution in identifying aluminium solubility controls, taking care that their axes are independent. Thermodynamic solubility calculations should be used with due scepticism. Supplementary investigations should be used where possible to identify phases precipitating or dissolving. 相似文献
110.
Neal J. Evans II Shudong Zhou Carsten Kömpe C. M. Walmsley 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1994,212(1-2):139-145
The globular molecular cloud B335 contains a single, deeply embedded, far-infrared source. Our recent observations of H2CO and CS lines toward this source provide direct kinematic evidence for collapse. Both the intensity and detailed shape of the line profiles match those expected from inside-out collapse inside a radius of 0.036 pc. The collapse began about 1.5 × 105 years ago, similar to the onset of the outflow. The mass accretion rate is about 10 times the outflow rate, and about 0.4M
should have now accumulated in the star and disk. Because B335 rotates only very slowly, any disk would still be very small (about 3 AU). The accretion luminosity should be adequate to power the observed luminosity. Consequently, we believe that B335 is indeed a collapsing protostar.Paper presented at the Conference onPlanetary Systems: Formation, Evolution, and Detection held 7–10 December, 1992 at CalTech, Pasadena, California, U.S.A. 相似文献