Minimum geocoding match rates: an international study of the impact of data and areal unit sizes     

Martin A. Andresen  Nick Malleson  Wouter Steenbeek  Michael Townsley  Christophe Vandeviver 《International journal of geographical information science》2020,34(7):1306-1322

ABSTRACT

The analysis of geographically referenced data, specifically point data, is predicated on the accurate geocoding of those data. Geocoding refers to the process in which geographically referenced data (addresses, for example) are placed on a map. This process may lead to issues with positional accuracy or the inability to geocode an address. In this paper, we conduct an international investigation into the impact of the (in)ability to geocode an address on the resulting spatial pattern. We use a variety of point data sets of crime events (varying numbers of events and types of crime), a variety of areal units of analysis (varying the number and size of areal units), from a variety of countries (varying underlying administrative systems), and a locally-based spatial point pattern test to find the levels of geocoding match rates to maintain the spatial patterns of the original data when addresses are missing at random. We find that the level of geocoding success depends on the number of points and the number of areal units under analysis, but generally show that the necessary levels of geocoding success are lower than found in previous research. This finding is consistent across different national contexts.  相似文献   

Like artificial trees? The effect of framing by natural analogy on public perceptions of geoengineering     

Adam Corner  Nick Pidgeon 《Climatic change》2015,130(3):425-438

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Probabilistic spatial risk assessment of heat impacts and adaptations for London     

Katie Jenkins  Jim Hall  Vassilis Glenis  Chris Kilsby  Mark McCarthy  Clare Goodess  Duncan Smith  Nick Malleson  Mark Birkin 《Climatic change》2014,124(1-2):105-117

High temperatures and heatwaves can cause large societal impacts by increasing health risks, mortality rates, and personal discomfort. These impacts are exacerbated in cities because of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, and the high and increasing concentrations of people, assets and economic activities. Risks from high temperatures are now widely recognised but motivation and implementation of proportionate policy responses is inhibited by inadequate quantification of the benefits of adaptation options, and associated uncertainties. This study utilises high spatial resolution probabilistic projections of urban temperatures along with projections of demographic change, to provide a probabilistic risk assessment of heat impacts on urban society. The study focuses on Greater London and the surrounding region, assessing mortality risk, thermal discomfort in residential buildings, and adaptation options within an integrated framework. Climate change is projected to increase future heat-related mortality and residential discomfort. However, adjusting the temperature response function by 1–2 °C, to simulate adaptation and acclimatisation, reduced annual heat related mortality by 32–69 % across the scenarios tested, relative to a no adaptation scenario. Similar benefits of adaptation were seen for residential discomfort. The study also highlights additional benefits in terms of reduced mortality and residential discomfort that mitigating the urban heat island, by reducing albedo and anthropogenic heat emissions, could have.  相似文献   

Conflict in Common: Heritage-making in Cape York     

Nick Skilton  Michael Adams  Leah Gibbs 《The Australian geographer》2014,45(2):147-166

The outstanding natural and cultural values of Cape York have been acknowledged for decades, but those decades have been characterised by deep conflict. Non-government organisation intervention in local politics has seen a forceful push for nominating some or all of the Cape York Peninsula as a World Heritage Site. We illuminate the authorised heritage discourse at work in heritage-making, and highlight contested issues of ownership, governance, authenticity, and value. These themes contribute to the possibility of marginalising the voices of local people who wish to contribute to heritage-making in Cape York. Politics infuses all aspects of heritage-making in Cape York, and the specific experiences on Cape York reflect larger political processes occurring in World Heritage discourse. The paper draws on interviews undertaken in May and June 2012.  相似文献   

CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> and He degassing at El Chichón volcano,Chiapas, Mexico: gas flux,origin and relationship with local and regional tectonics   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Agnes Mazot  Dmitri Rouwet  Yuri Taran  Salvatore Inguaggiato  Nick Varley 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2011,73(4):423-441

During 2007–2008, three CO₂ flux surveys were performed on El Chichón volcanic lake, Chiapas, Mexico, with an additional survey in April 2008 covering the entire crater floor (including the lake). The mean CO₂ flux calculated by sequential Gaussian simulation from the lake was 1,190 (March 2007), 730 (December 2007) and 1,134 g m⁻² day⁻¹ (April 2008) with total emission rates of 164 ± 9.5 (March 2007), 59 ± 2.5 (December 2007) and 109 ± 6.6 t day⁻¹ (April 2008). The mean CO₂ flux estimated from the entire crater floor area was 1,102 g m⁻² day⁻¹ for April 2008 with a total emission rate of 144 ± 5.9 t day⁻¹. Significant change in CO₂ flux was not detected during the period of survey, and the mapping of the CO₂ flux highlighted lineaments reflecting the main local and regional tectonic patterns. The ³He/⁴He ratio (as high as 8.1 R _A) for gases in the El Chichón crater is generally higher than those observed at the neighbouring Transmexican Volcanic Belt and the Central American Volcanic Arc. The CO₂/³He ratios for the high ³He/⁴He gases tend to have the MORB-like values (1.41 × 10⁹), and the CO₂/³He ratios for the lower ³He/⁴He gases fall within the range for the arc-type gases. The high ³He/⁴He ratios, the MORB-like CO₂/³He ratios for the high ³He/⁴He gases and high proportion of MORB-CO₂ (M = 25 ±15%) at El Chichón indicate a greater depth for the generation of magma when compared to typical arc volcanoes.  相似文献   

A Case Study on the Evaluation and Implementation of Green and Sustainable Remediation Principles and Practices During a RCRA Corrective Action Cleanup     

Nick M. Petruzzi 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》2011,31(2):63-71

Green and Sustainable Remediation (GSR) principles and practices were incorporated into various phases of the remediation life cycle during a Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Corrective Action cleanup. GSR best management practices (BMPs) were identified and employed to the extent possible during the investigation, remedy evaluation, and remedy implementation phases of the cleanup. As part of the remedy evaluation phase, potential remedial alternatives were evaluated against GSR principles and practices to support the selection of a preferred remedial alternative. This included the identification of inherent GSR similarities within the five existing RCRA balancing criteria and the development of a sixth new balancing criterion. The sixth criterion consisted of five relevant GSR categories, including consumption of resources and materials, CO₂ emissions, waste minimization and reuse, community benefit, and corporate image and corporate sustainability. Because of the lack of consensus, the constantly evolving nature, and limited guidance associated with GSR, various GSR‐related uncertainties and barriers were encountered. These uncertainties and barriers primarily related to the development of a GSR evaluation approach; contractual mechanisms; worker routines; regulatory agency support; and facility benefits, incentives, and recognition. In an effort to overcome some of these uncertainties and barriers, professional judgment was used to support various decision‐making processes. The GSR evaluation and implementation approaches considered are discussed in this case study as well as the various uncertainties and barriers encountered. In general, this case study provides a successful demonstration of GSR, given guidance limitations, facility permit constraints, complexities associated with site‐specific conditions, and a situation where the most feasible options were not considered the most green and sustainable (primarily because of their energy‐intensive nature, resource consumption, or waste generation).  相似文献   

Results from the Eso Large Program on Transneptunian Objects and Centaurs     

Boehnhardt  Hermann  Barucci  Antonella  Delsanti  Audrey  De Bergh  Catherine  Doressoundiram  Alain  Romon  Jennifer  Dotto  Elisabetta  Tozzi  Gianpaolo  Lazzarin  Monica  Fornasier  Sonia  Peixinho  Nuno  Hainaut  Olivier  Davies  John  Rousselot  Philippe  Barrera  Luis  Birkle  Kurt  Meech  Karen  Ortiz  JoseLuis  Sekiguchi  Tomohiko  Watanabe  Jun-ichi  Thomas  Nick  West  Richard 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2003,92(1-4):145-156

BVRI photometry of 107 TNOs and Centaurs establishes the range of spectral gradients to be between –5 to 55%/100 nm (with one exception). A cluster of very red Cubewanos is firmly identified in orbits of low inclination and eccentricity beyond 40 AU from the Sun. Further correlations between surface colours and dynamical parameters (inclination and perihelion distance) are suggested for Cubewanos and scattered disk objects, but lack complete confidence for their reality. Plutinos and Centaurs do not show any clear correlation between surface colours and orbital parameters. We present in this paper 12 spectra obtained in the visible region and nine of them for which we obtained also near infrared spectra up to 2.4 microns. A few other objects have been observed, but the data are still under reduction and analysis. The principal reported results obtained are: (i) a wide range of visible slopes; (ii) evidence for surface variations on 2001 PT₁₃; and (iii) possible detection of few percent of water ice (1999 TC_36}, 2000 EB₁₇₃, 1999 DE₉, 2001 PT₁₃, 2000 QC₂₄₃, 1998 SG₃₅).  相似文献   

Latitudinal Variations of Diurnal Meteor Rates     

Csilla Szasz  Johan Kero  Asta Pellinen-Wannberg  John D. Mathews  Nick J. Mitchell  Werner Singer 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2004,95(1-4):101-107

The presence of a diurnal variation in meteor activity is well established. The sporadic meteor count rates are higher on the local dawn side and lower on the local dusk side. This phenomenon is caused by the Earth’s orbital motion and rotation. Meteor radar measurements have been compared from Esrange, Kiruna, Sweden, at 68° N, from Juliusruh, Germany, at 55° N, and from Ascension Island, at 8° S, to investigate how the diurnal variation depends on season at different latitudes. Data have been used from vernal and autumnal equinoxes and summer and winter solstices to locate the largest seasonal differences.  相似文献   

Scaling aspects of river flow routing     

Vivek Arora  Frank Seglenieks  Nick Kouwen  Eric Soulis 《水文研究》2001,15(3):461-477

Scaling aspects of river flow routing are studied by comparing two flow routing schemes, one designed for use in coupled general circulation models (GCMs) and operated at large spatial scales (～350 km), and the other designed for use in typical hydrological applications at small spatial scales (～25 km). The same runoff data are used as input into the two routing schemes, and comparisons are made between mean annual, mean monthly and daily streamflow simulated at four locations within the Mackenzie River Basin. The results suggest that for the purpose of realistically modelling monthly streamflow at the mouth of the rivers in GCMs, flow routing at large spatial scales gives similar results. However, the amplitude of the annual streamflow cycle is slightly but characteristically larger, when routing is performed at large spatial scales. Flow routing at large spatial scales also results in overestimation of high flows, while low flows are underestimated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Distinguished Service Award: Dr David Hayward          下载免费PDF全文

Karen Fisher  Nick Lewis 《New Zealand geographer》2015,71(1):58-58

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