A Comparative Study of Jovian Anticyclone Properties from a Six-Year (1994-2000) Survey     

Raúl Morales-Juber?&#x;asAgustin Sánchez-Lavega  J. LecacheuxF. Colas 《Icarus》2002,157(1):76-90

We have used the Hubble Space Telescope archived images of Jupiter for the period 1994-2000, complemented by ground-based telescopic observations, to study in detail the long-term properties of synoptic-scale anticyclonic vortices (size > 1500 km, lifetime > months). We have also analyzed a set of Voyager 1 and 2 images obtained in 1979 to compare anticyclone properties from the two different periods. The latitudinal range covered by this survey spans 75°N to 75°S, encompassing 12 anticyclonic zones. We present data on vortex size, aspect ratio, number, latitude location, lifetime, motion, interaction, and morphology for more than 100 vortices. We study empirically the relation between these properties and the mean ambient zonal flow.We show that most of these properties are not related to latitude and location relative to the jet pattern. However, a significant linear anticorrelation is found when plotting vortex relative speed (vortex propagation speed minus zonal flow velocity) against the zonal flow velocity at the central latitude of each vortex. As the mean eastward flow increases its velocity within a given anticyclonic domain, vortex velocity becomes more westward. This relation holds for all anticyclones except those moving at high velocities (at latitudes 20°S and 23°N), whose origin appears to be of a different nature. Moreover, there is also some evidence that the drift rate could be connected to the planetary minus flow vorticity gradient (most conspicuous at 40 and 45°N). We present simple dynamical interpretations of these observations.  相似文献   

Mineralogical and chemical distribution patterns of placers and ferricretes in Quaternary sediments in SE Germany: The impact of nature and man on the unroofing of pegmatites     

H.G. Dill  A. Techmer  B. Weber  M. Füßl 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2008

Placer deposits mark the ultimate stage of mineral separation in clastic sediments by physical processes in an aquatic regime, whereas duricrusts are an example of extreme element separation by chemical processes in continental environments of deposition. In Quaternary sediments in SE Germany such contrasting types of sediments formed on the NE Bavarian Basement which is underlain by metamorphic and pegmatitic rocks reflecting intense primary element differentiation by themselves.  相似文献   

Evaluation of parameters affecting earthquake damage by decision tree techniques     

Betül Şengezer  Atilla Ansal  Ömer Bilen 《Natural Hazards》2008,47(3):547-568

Earthquake damages are assessed based on a holistic approach using structural as well as non-structural factors to model earthquake damage distributions with Decision Tree Techniques, using the Answer Tree program and the damage data from recent major earthquakes in Turkey. The damage dataset consists of approximately 9,400 buildings that were surveyed to evaluate the factors affecting building damage after Erzincan [1992], Dinar [1995], and Kocaeli [1999] earthquakes. The earthquake damage is defined as the dependent variable, while earthquake magnitude (M), intensity (I) in the city, peak ground acceleration (PGA) in each city, epicenter distance (ED), building types (BT), number of storeys (NS), presence of soft storey (SS), building position (BP) on the site, and site conditions (SC) are independent variables in the proposed model. The damage level (DL) was classified with respect to red, yellow, and green codes. The main purpose was (1) to identify the factors controlling building damage during earthquakes; (b) to determine the most significant factor; (c) to evaluate the effects of different factors for different earthquakes; (d) to develop damage distribution models for different subgroups based on the Decision Tree Techniques.

Atilla AnsalEmail:

  相似文献   

Estimating daily net radiation in the FAO Penman–Monteith method     

Facundo?CarmonaEmail author  Raúl?Rivas  Eduardo?Kruse 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2017,128(1-2):89-102

Heatwave intensity and frequency are predicted to increase in the coming years, and this will bear adverse consequences to the environmental well-being and the socio-economic fabric in urbanized areas. The hazardous combination of increased heat storage and reduced water retention capacities of the land surface make the urban areas warmer than the surrounding rural areas in what is commonly known as the urban heat island (UHI) effect. The primary motives of this study are to quantify the interaction of this city-scale UHI with synoptic-scale heatwave episodes and to analyze the factors that mediate this interaction. A modified version of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) is utilized to simulate two heatwave episodes in New York City. The land surface scheme in the default WRF model is modified to better represent the surface to atmosphere exchanges over urban areas. Our results indicate that during the heatwave episodes, the daily-averaged UHI in NYC increased by 1.5 K. Furthermore, most of this amplification occurs in the mid-afternoon period when the temperatures peak. Wind direction and urban-rural contrasts in available energy and moisture availability are found to have significant and systematic effects on the UHI, but wind speed plays a secondary role.  相似文献   

The combined effect of F and H2O on interdiffusion between peralkaline dacitic and rhyolitic melts     

Don R. Baker  Hélène Bossányi 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1994,117(2):203-214

The effective binary diffusion coefficient (EBDC) of silicon has been measured during the interdiffusion of peralkaline, fluorine-bearing (1.3 wt% F), hydrous (3.3 and 6 wt% H₂O), dacitic and rhyolitic melts at 1.0 GPa and temperatures between 1100°C and 1400°C. From Boltzmann-Matano analysis of diffusion profiles the diffusivity of silicon at 68 wt% SiO₂ can be described by the following Arrhenius equations (with standard errors): $$\begin{gathered} {\text{with 1}}{\text{.3 wt\% F and 3}}{\text{.3\% H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O:}} \hfill \\ {\text{D}}_{{\text{Si}}} = \begin{array}{*{20}c} { + {\text{3}}{\text{.59}}} \\ {{\text{3}}{\text{.66}} \times {\text{10}}^{ - {\text{9}}} } \\ { - {\text{1}}{\text{.86}}} \\ \end{array} {\text{exp}}\left( {{{ - {\text{86}}{\text{.1}} \pm {\text{8}}{\text{.9}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{ - {\text{86}}{\text{.1}} \pm {\text{8}}{\text{.9}}} {{\text{RT}}}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{\text{RT}}}}} \right) \hfill \\ {\text{with 1}}{\text{.3 wt\% F and 6}}{\text{.0\% H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O:}} \hfill \\ {\text{D}}_{{\text{Si}}} = \begin{array}{*{20}c} { + {\text{3}}{\text{.59}}} \\ {{\text{3}}{\text{.51}} \times {\text{10}}^{ - {\text{8}}} } \\ { - {\text{1}}{\text{.77}}} \\ \end{array} {\text{exp}}\left( {{{ - {\text{109}}{\text{.5}} \pm {\text{8}}{\text{.9}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{ - {\text{109}}{\text{.5}} \pm {\text{8}}{\text{.9}}} {{\text{RT}}}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{\text{RT}}}}} \right) \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ where D is in m²s^?1 and activation energies are in kJ/mol. Diffusivities measured at 64 and 72 wt% SiO₂ are only slightly different from those at 68 wt% SiO₂ and frequently all measurements are within error of each other. Silicon, aluminum, iron, magnesium, and calcium EBDCs were also calculated from diffusion profiles by error function inversion techniques assuming constant diffusivity. With one exception, silicon EBDCs calculated by error function techniques are within error of Boltzmann-Matano EBDCs. Average diffusivities of Fe, Mg, and Ca were within a factor of 2.5 of silicon diffusivities whereas Al diffusivities were approximately half those of silicon. Alkalies diffused much more rapidly than silicon and non-alkalies, however their diffusivities were not quantitatively determined. Low activation energies for silicon EBDCs result in rapid diffusion at magmatic temperatures. Assuming that water and fluorine exert similar effects on melt viscosity at high temperatures, the viscosity can be calculated and used in the Eyring equation used to determine diffusivities, typically to within a factor of three of those measured in this study. This correlation between viscosity and diffusivity can be inverted to calculate viscosities of fluorine- and water-bearing granitic melts at magmatic temperatures; these viscosities are orders of magnitude below those of hydrous granitic melts and result in more rapid and effective separation of granitic magmas from partially molten source rocks. Comparison of Arrhenius parameters for diffusion measured in this study with Arrhenius parameters determined for diffusion in similar compositions at the same pressure demonstrates simple relationships between Arrhenius parameters, activation energy-E_a, kJ/mol, pre-exponential factor-D_o, m²s^?1, and the volatile, X=F or OH^?, to oxygen, O, ratio of the melt {(X/X+O)}: $$\begin{gathered} {\text{E}}a = - {\text{1533\{ }}{{\text{X}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\text{X}} {\left( {{\text{X}} + {\text{O}}} \right)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\left( {{\text{X}} + {\text{O}}} \right)}}{\text{\} }} + {\text{213}}{\text{.3}} \hfill \\ {\text{D}}_{\text{O}} = {\text{2}}{\text{.13}} \times {\text{10}}^{ - {\text{6}}} {\text{exp}}\left[ { - {\text{6}}{\text{.5\{ }}{{\text{X}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\text{X}} {\left( {{\text{X}} + {\text{O}}} \right)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\left( {{\text{X}} + {\text{O}}} \right)}}{\text{\} }}} \right] \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ These relationships can be used to estimate diffusion in various melts of dacitic to rhyolitic composition containing both fluorine and water. Calculations for the contamination of rhyolitic melts by dacitic enclaves at 800°C and 700°C provide evidence for the virtual inevitability of diffusive contamination in hydrous and fluorine-bearing magmas if they undergo magma mixing of any form.  相似文献   

托莱山矿带东段岩金矿成矿地质条件及找矿方向     

李时新 《青海国土经略》1998,(2)

托莱山矿带东段寒武系、奥陶系金平均含量高于地壳丰度的8～14倍。多期次构造—岩浆活动为金的活化、迁移、富集提供了条件。根据区内的地质背景,指出了找矿靶区。  相似文献   

青海省矿产资源开发存在问题及建议     

杨生德 《青海国土经略》1998,(2)

青海省在矿产开发中存在资源高消耗、开发程度低、综合利用率低、加工制造业规模小产值低的“一高三低”现象。建议尽快对矿产资源实行产权管理,显化其价值,加大地勘工作投入,合理开发矿产资源,使矿业发挥出更大的社会和经济效益。  相似文献   

四川高坝金矿床地质特征及成因探讨     

李时新 《青海国土经略》1998,(1)

高坝金铜矿床定位于动力变质的碎裂岩中,赋矿岩石为碎裂玄武岩和闪长岩,矿体在活动的构造环境中形成,围岩蚀变强烈,是一个在岩浆热液作用下形成的构造蚀变岩型矿床。  相似文献   

“源控论”再认识——以四川盆地天然气勘探为例   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

黄籍中 《海相油气地质》1998,3(2):1-5

烃源作为成藏的首要条件,没有陆相、海相之分、没有地域之别,也没有油藏、气藏的不同。在海相过成熟碳酸盐岩干气区由系烃源层、煤系烃源层形成的烃源,制约着气藏的形成与展布。  相似文献   

Slow-ridge/hotspot interactions from global gravity, seismic tomography and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotope data     

Jean Goslin  Jean-Louis Thirot  Olivier Noël  & Jean Francheteau 《Geophysical Journal International》1998,135(2):700-710

Among the mantle hotspots present under oceanic areas, a large number are located on—or close to—active oceanic ridges. This is especially true in the slow-spreading Atlantic and Indian oceans. The recent availability of worldwide gravity grids and the increasing coverage of geochemical data sets along active spreading centres allow a fruitful comparison of these data with global geoid and seismic tomography models, and allow one to study interactions between mantle plumes and active slow-spreading ridges. The observed correlations allow us to draw preliminary conclusions on the general links between surficial processes, which shape the detailed morphology of the ridge axes, and deeper processes, active in the upper mantle below the ridge axial domains as a whole. The interactions are first studied at the scale of the Atlantic (the Mid-Atlantic Ridge from Iceland to Bouvet Island) from the correlation between the zero-age free-air gravity anomaly, which reflects the zero-age depth of the ridge axis, and Sr isotopic ratios of ridge axis basalts. The study is then extended to a more global scale (the slow ridges from Iceland to the Gulf of Aden) by including geoid and upper-mantle tomography models. The interactions appear complex, ranging from the effect of large and very productive plumes, almost totally overprinting the long-wavelength segmentation pattern of the ridge, to that of weaker hotspots, barely marking some of the observables in the ridge axial domain. Intermediate cases are observed, in which hotspots of medium activity (or whose activity has gradually decreased) located at some distance from the ridge axis produce geophysical or geochemical signals whose variation along the axis can be correlated with the geometry of the plume head in the upper mantle. Such observations tend to preclude the use of a single hotspot/ridge interaction model and stress the need for additional observations in various plume/ridge configurations.  相似文献