Evidence for extensive diagenesis,Madagascar Basin,Deep Sea Drilling Site 245     

Joris M. Gieskes  Miriam Kastner  Theodore B. Warner 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1975,39(10):1385-1393

Deep Sea Drilling Hole 245 (31°32′S, 52° 18′E) in the southwest Indian Ocean shows pronounced linear concentration-depth gradients in interstitial dissolved Ca, Mg and Sr. Electrical conductivity tests enable us to make the estimate of a constant diffusion coefficient with depth of about 2 × 10^?6 cm²/sec. The shapes of the concentration-depth gradients suggest that the major reaction sites in this hole are situated in the basal sediments and/or underlying basalts. It is proposed that observed interstitial water concentration changes in Ca and Mg are related to alteration of basaltic material, whereas those in Sr are due to calcium carbonate recrystallization processes. Support for the basaltic material alteration hypothesis comes from petrochemical and mineralogical data. Geochemical data also indicate that the high contents in Fe and Mn of the basal sediments can be related to low temperature alteration of basaltic glass and not necessarily to ‘hydrothermal’ activity.  相似文献   

Nachweis von Vulkanismus in Sedimenten der Unter- und Oberkreide in Norddeutschland     

Dr. Olaf Brockamp 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1976,65(1):162-174

Zusammenfassung In Kreidesedimenten Norddeutschlands wird vom Apt an eine hohe Montmorillonitführung beobachtet. Während z. B. in der Fraktion < 0,63 des Barreme nur 5% Montmorillonit nachgewiesen wurden, steigt der Montmorillonitgehalt von 20% im Apt über 50% im Alb auf 70% im Santon an. Dieser Montmorillonit ist im wesentlichen ein Umwandlungsprodukt basischer, vulkanischer Tuffe, wie Reste vulkanischen Glases mit einer Lichtbrechung bis zu 1,6 beweisen. Dabei scheint die Tuffzufuhr im wesentlichen untermeerisch erfolgt zu sein. Der Vulkanismus selber tritt zum ersten Mal in Verbindung mit tektonischer Tätigkeit in der oberen Unterkreide auf. Er ist also eng mit der geologischen und tektonischen Entwicklung dieses Raumes verbunden.Bei chemischen Untersuchungen zeigte sich in Übereinstimmung mit dem tonmineralogischen Wechsel eine Veränderung in der Konzentration einiger Elemente. So nimmt z B. der Al₂O₃- und der K₂O-Gehalt ab, der MgO- und Fe₂O₃-Gehalt dagegen zu. Zum Beispiel beträgt die Fe₂O₃-Konzentration im Barreme 5,8%, im Alb aber 8,7%. Die Anreicherung des Eisens im Alb, möglicherweise eine Folge der vulkanischen Tätigkeit, könnte die Bildung von zahlreichen Fe-Geoden in diesen Sedimenten gefördert haben. Aus diesen Geoden sind dann während der senonen Transgression die Eisenerze der Oberkreide bei Peine entstanden.

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High montmorillonite contents have been observed at the beginning of the Aptian age (lower cretaceous) in cretaceous sediments from Northern Germany. In the < 0.63 fraction the montmorillonite content is 5% in the Barremian, which is under the Aptian, and increases from 20% in the Aptian to over 50% in the Albian to 70% in the Santonian (upper cretaceous). These montmorillonite rich sediments contain fragments of volcanic glass with a refractive index of up to 1.6, indicating that they were partly derived from alteration of intermediate to basic volcanic material. The volcanism is thought to be of submarine origin and the first volcanic activity seems to be contemporaneous with the beginning of the tectonic deformation of lower cretaceous sediments.In addition to the marked changes in clay mineralogy, the Al₂O₃ and K₂O contents decrease whereas the MgO and Fe₂O₃ contents increase. For example the Barremian has 5.8% Fe₂O₃ whereas the Albian has 8.7% Fe₂O₃. This high Fe concentration, perhaps from volcanic activity, may have influenced the formation of the large number of Fe-geodes in the Albian. These geodes were eroded and redeposited during the Senonian transgression and formed the Fe ore deposit of the upper cretaceous near the town of Peine.

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Résumé Les sédiments crétaciques de l'Allemagne septentrionale ont un contenu élevé en montmorillonite à partir de l'Aptien. Tandis que dans le Barrémien, par exemple, la fraction inférieure à 0,63 ne continent que 5% de montmorillonite, sa teneure monte de 20% dans l'Aptien à plus de 50% dans l'Albien, et jusqu'à 70% dans le Santonien. Cette montmorillonite est essentiellement un produit de la transformation de tufs volcaniques basiques, ainsi que le montrent des résidus de verre volcaniques d'indice de réfraction allant jusque 1,6. Il semble donc que l'apport tuffique se soit produit essentiellement en milieu marin. Le volcanisme lui-même s'est produit pour la première fois en relation avec une activité tectonique à la fin du Crétacique inférieur. Il est donc ainsi en étroite relation avec le développement géologique et tectonique de cette région. - Les recherches chimiques montrent la concordance entre le changement dans la minéralogie argileuse et la modification dans la concentration de quelques éléments. C'est ainsi que par ex. la diminution de la teneur en Al₂O₃ s'accompagne de l'augmentation de la teneur en MgO et Fe₂O₃. Sie par ex., la concentration en Fe₂O₃ dans le Barrémien est de 5,8%, elle est dans l'Albien de 8,7%. L'enrichissement du fer dans l'Albien, conséquence possible de l'activité volcanique, pourrait avoir conduit à la formation de nombreuses géodes à base de fer dans ces sédiments. C'est à partir de ces géodes que se seraient formés au cours de la transgression sénonienne les minerais de fer du Crétacique supérieur près de Peine.

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. .: < 0,63 5 % , 20 % , 50 % 70 % . . . , 1,6. , . . . . .: l₂₃ K₂ , MgO Fe₂O₃ . .: Fe₂O₃ 5,8»/ 8,7 %. , , , , . .

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Multiproxy approach to understanding the origin of Cretaceous pelagic limestone–marl alternations (DSDP site 391, Blake-Bahama Basin)     

Hildegard Westphal  Axel Munnecke†  Jörg Pross‡  Jens Olaf Herrle‡ 《Sedimentology》2004,51(1):109-126

Limestone–marl alternations are usually directly interpreted to reflect cyclic palaeoenvironmental signals. However, uncertainty in such interpretations stems from the differential diagenesis that most limestone–marl alternations have undergone. Differential diagenesis results in markedly different alterations between limestones and marls and in the loss of comparability of many measurable parameters. For an unequivocal interpretation of the origin of rhythmic alternations, diagenetically robust parameters or parameters that clearly indicate the degree of diagenetic bias are required. The present study uses a multiproxy approach (independent biotic, sedimentary and geochemical parameters) in order to unravel the palaeoenvironmental signal recorded in Valanginian (Early Cretaceous) limestone–marl alternations from the Blake‐Bahama Basin (DSDP site 391). Using this approach, terrestrial and marine influences can be distinguished, changes in nutrient levels estimated and prediagenetic differences in the non‐carbonate fraction constrained. Surprisingly, no systematic variations in any of these parameters were observed between limestone and marl layers, implying that none of these was directly responsible for the formation of the rhythmic alternation. Hence, none of the current models of sedimentary formation of limestone–marl rhythmites is applicable here. Calcareous nannofossils are equally well preserved in limestone and marl layers, ruling out their dissolution in marl layers as a source of the calcite cement in the limestone beds. Sr values of 700–900 p.p.m. indicate that aragonite may have been present in the original, pelagic sediment. The assumption of fine‐grained sedimentary aragonite imported from nearby carbonate platforms as the source of the cement would explain a number of otherwise enigmatic features in these rhythmites, including the source of the calcite cement observed in the limestones, the equally good preservation of calcareous nannofossils in limestones and marls and the higher concentration of calcareous nannofossils in marl layers. The study demonstrates that examination of diagenetically inert parameters or parameters in which diagenetic effects can be filtered can yield unexpected results. Clearly, careful analysis of such parameters needs to be undertaken in order to make reliable palaeoenvironmental interpretations from rhythmite successions.  相似文献   

Water column anomalies associated with hydrothermal activity in the Guaymas Basin,Gulf of California     

Andrew C. Campbell  Joris M. Gieskes 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1984,68(1):57-72

Sea floor hydrothermal activity in the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, is quite different from that associated with ridge crest spreading centers. Injection of hydrothermal fluids occurs in the bottom of a semi-enclosed basin and water column anomalies produced by this activity increase to much higher values than in the open ocean. In the Guaymas Basin the hydrothermal venting generates large clouds of fine suspended particulate matter (SPM) 100–300 m above active mounds and chimneys. These hydrothermal clouds have potential temperature anomalies of about 0.010–0.020°C, are enriched in dissolved silica, particulate manganese, and depleted in dissolved oxygen relative to areas away from the vents. The particulate manganese values increase from about 3 nmol/kg at ～ 1000 m, well above the enclosing topography of the subsill basin, to 100–150 nmol/kg in the clouds of SPM and in the bottom nepheloid layer. The particulate Mn in the hydrothermal clouds appears to originate from both direct precipitation of dissolved Mn²⁺ injected by the vents and entrainment of Mn-rich SPM in the rising hydrothermal plumes. Injection of silica-rich vent fluids into the basin bottom waters produces a silica anomaly of 10–15 μmol relative to the other deep basins of the Gulf of California. Spillover of Guaymas Basin deep water produces a silica plume just above the basin sill depth which is detectable to the mouth of the Gulf. A simple two-endmember mixing model indicates that the deep waters of the Guaymas Basin contain approximately 0.1% hydrothermal fluid. Oxygen anomalies associated with the hydrothermal clouds are on the order of 5 μmol relative to regions away from active vents. The basin as a whole shows a depletion in oxygen of about 13 μmol relative to the other deep basins of the Gulf. The mixing model shows that this oxygen consumption can be explained by the oxidation of dissolved sulfide and methane injected by the hydrothermal vents. Box models of the deep basins of the southern Gulf of California indicate that the Guaymas Basin has a significantly higher source term for dissolved silica and sink term for dissolved oxygen than the other basins. The calculated flux of hydrothermal fluids into the Guaymas Basin is 10–12 m³/s.  相似文献   

Climate forcing due to the 8200 cal yr BP event observed at Early Neolithic sites in the eastern Mediterranean     

Bernhard Weninger  Eva Alram-Stern  Eva Bauer  Lee Clare  Uwe Danzeglocke  Olaf Jris  Claudia Kubatzki  Gary Rollefson  Henrieta Todorova  Tjeerd van Andel 《Quaternary Research》2006,66(3):401-420

We explore the hypothesis that the abrupt drainage of Laurentide lakes and associated rapid switch of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation 8200 yr ago had a catastrophic influence on Neolithic civilisation in large parts of southeastern Europe, Anatolia, Cyprus, and the Near East. The event at 8200 cal yr BP is observed in a large number of high-resolution climate proxies in the Northern Hemisphere, and in many cases corresponds to markedly cold and arid conditions. We identify the relevant archaeological levels of major Neolithic settlements in Central Anatolia, Cyprus, Greece and Bulgaria, and examine published stratigraphic, architectural, cultural and geoarchaeological studies for these sites. The specific archaeological events and processes we observe at a number of these sites during the study interval 8400–8000 cal yr BP lead us to refine some previously established Neolithisation models. The introduction of farming to South-East Europe occurs in all study regions (Thrace, Macedonia, Thessaly, Bulgaria) near 8200 cal yr BP. We observe major disruptions of Neolithic cultures in the Levant, North Syria, South-East Anatolia, Central Anatolia and Cyprus, at the same time. We conclude that the 8200 cal yr BP aridity event triggered the spread of early farmers, by different routes, out of West Asia and the Near East into Greece and Bulgaria.  相似文献   

Note on ``Electromagnetic Response of a Large Circular Loop Source on a Layered Earth: A New Computation Method' by N. P. Singh and T. Mogi     

Joris Van Deun  Ronald Cools 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2007,164(5):1107-1111

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Geometric modelling and object-oriented software concepts applied to a heterogeneous fractured network from the Grimsel rock laboratory   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Thomas Kalbacher  Ralph Mettier  Chris McDermott  Wenqing Wang  Georg Kosakowski  Takeo Taniguchi  Olaf Kolditz 《Computational Geosciences》2007,11(1):9-26

Discrete fracture network simulations are computationally intensive and usually time-consuming to construct and configure. This paper presents a case study with techniques for building a 3D finite element model of an inhomogeneous fracture network for modelling flow and tracer transport, combining deterministic and stochastic information on fracture aperture distributions. The complex intersected fractures represent a challenge for geometrical model design, mesh quality requirements and property allocations. For the integrated and holistic modelling approach, including the application of numerical and analytical simulation techniques, new object-oriented concepts in software engineering are implemented to ensure a resourceful and practicable software environment.  相似文献   

Progress and perspectives of geothermal energy studies in China: from shallow to deep systems     

Zhonghe Pang  Olaf Kolditz 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(16):580

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Environmental estrogens interact with and modulate the properties of plasma sex steroid-binding proteins in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)     

Knut-Erik Tollefsen  Joris F. A. Meys  Jorid Frydenlund  Jrgen Stenersen 《Marine environmental research》2002,54(3-5)

Environmental chemicals may modulate the endocrine system through interaction with plasma sex steroid-binding proteins (SBP) and SBP-regulated processes. Some of these chemicals, which are known to interact with the estrogen receptor (ER), were found to bind competitively to the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) SBP and potentially disrupt the endocrine function of these proteins. Furthermore, both weakly acting (di-n-butyl phthalate) and potent estrogen mimics (ethynylestradiol), were able to induce a substantial up-regulation of circulating levels of SBP in vivo. Interestingly, modulation of SBP-levels was found to be a more sensitive endpoint than chemically induced interference with classical ER-mediated mechanisms for weakly acting estrogen mimics like di-(n-butyl) phthalate. Interference with the endocrine function of SBPs may thus introduce a novel mechanism for endocrine disruption, and give additional answers to the question why some weakly acting xenoestrogens are causing “estrogen-like” reproductive disturbances in developing males.  相似文献   

High-pressure synthesis,long-term stability of single crystals of diboron trioxide,B<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>, and an empirical electronic polarizability of <Superscript>[3]</Superscript>B<Superscript>3+</Superscript>     

Manfred Burianek  Johannes Birkenstock  Philipp Mair  Volker Kahlenberg  Olaf Medenbach  Robert D. Shannon  Reinhard X. Fischer 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2016,43(7):527-534

Single crystals of B₂O₃ are needed for the precise determination of the refractive indices used to calculate the electronic polarizability α of 3-coordinated boron. The α(B) values in turn are used to predict mean refractive indices of borate minerals. Since the contribution of boron to the total polarizability of a mineral is very low, the synthetic compound B₂O₃ represents an ideal model system because of its high molar content of boron. Millimeter-sized crystals were synthesized at 1 GPa in a piston-cylinder apparatus. The samples were heated above the liquidus (800 °C), subsequently cooled at 15 °C/h to 500 °C and finally quenched. The refractive indices were determined by the immersion method using a microrefractometer spindle stage. The refractive indices n _o = 1.653 (3) and n _e = 1.632 (3) correspond to a total polarizability for B₂O₃ of α = 4.877 Å³. These values were used to determine the electronic polarizability of boron of α(B) = 0.16 Å³. Although the surface of the B₂O₃ crystals was coated with a hydrous film immediately after being exposed to air, its bulk crystallinity is retained for a period of at least 2 months.  相似文献