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Björn Onno Kaiser Mauro Cacace Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,70(8):3643-3659
Based on a numerical model of the Northeast German Basin (NEGB), we investigate the sensitivity of the calculated thermal field as resulting from heat conduction, forced and free convection in response to consecutive horizontal and vertical mesh refinements. Our results suggest that computational findings are more sensitive to consecutive horizontal mesh refinements than to changes in the vertical resolution. In addition, the degree of mesh sensitivity depends strongly on the type of the process being investigated, whether heat conduction, forced convection or free thermal convection represents the active heat driver. In this regard, heat conduction exhibits to be relative robust to imposed changes in the spatial discretization. A systematic mesh sensitivity is observed in areas where forced convection promotes an effective role in shorten the background conductive thermal field. In contrast, free thermal convection is to be regarded as the most sensitive heat transport process as demonstrated by non-systematic changes in the temperature field with respect to imposed changes in the model resolution. 相似文献
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Evidence for lithospheric detachment in the central Andes from local earthquake tomography 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
Data from three temporary seismic networks were merged for tomographic inversion. Although the deployments did not coincide in time, spatial overlap was achieved by re-occupying existing sites. Travel times and t operators of about 1600 earthquakes were inverted for 3D models of νp, νp/νs and P-wave attenuation (Qp− 1). All three attributes provide a consistent image of the entire subduction zone on a lithospheric scale. The tomographic images reveal low velocities and high attenuation in the crust and mantle underlying the Western Cordillera and most of the Puna plateau, indicative of weak rheology and mostly asthenospheric mantle. In contrast, forearc and eastern foreland are characterized by high Qp values, corresponding to cold temperatures in accordance with thermal models. In the backarc, between 23°S and 24°S, a high velocity, high Qp structure beneath the Eastern Cordillera and eastern Puna is interpreted as detaching continental lithosphere that has been thickened in the orogenic process. South of this structure, the mantle is characterized by low velocities, high νp/νs ratios, and low Qp values. Here it is believed that lithosphere originally underlying Andean crust has already been removed. This is supported by new estimates of crustal thickness and volcanic activity. 相似文献
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Sabine Rijnsburger Carola M. van der Hout Onno van Tongeren Gerben J. de Boer Bram C. van Prooijen Wil G. Borst Julie D. Pietrzak 《Ocean Dynamics》2016,66(5):719-736
This study identifies and unravels the processes that lead to stratification and destratification in the far field of a Region of Freshwater Influence (ROFI). We present measurements that are novel for two reasons: (1) measurements were carried out with two vessels that sailed simultaneously over two cross-shore transects; (2) the measurements were carried out in the far field of the Rhine ROFI, 80 km downstream from the river mouth. This unique four dimensional dataset allows the application of the 3D potential energy anomaly equation for one of the first times on field data. With this equation, the relative importance of the depth mean advection, straining and nonlinear processes over one tidal cycle is assessed. The data shows that the Rhine ROFI extends 80 km downstream and periodic stratification is observed. The analysis not only shows the important role of cross-shore tidal straining but also the significance of along-shore straining and depth mean advection. In addition, the nonlinear terms seem to be small. The presence of all the terms influences the timing of maximum stratification. The analysis also shows that the importance of each term varies in the cross-shore direction. One of the most interesting findings is that the data are not inline with several hypotheses on the functioning of straining and advection in ROFIs. This highlights the dynamic behaviour of the Rhine ROFI, which is valuable for understanding the distribution of fine sediments, contaminants and the protection of coasts. 相似文献
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Several small outcrops along the western Rhinegraben escarpment expose rocks which represent the western prolongation of the so-called Mid-German Crystalline Rise. This basement ridge separates the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian zones of the Variscan belt of Europe and thus marks the boundary between the external and the internal zones. The variable rock association includes an orthogneissamphibolite complex, weakly deformed low grade sediments (?Devonian and Visean), and a number of different syn- to post-orogenic granodioritic to granitic intrusives, all crosscut by Late Lower Carboniferous undeformed lamprophyric dikes and unconformable overlain by Permian sediments and volcanics. Largely isothermal decompression during coaxial fabric evolution in the orthogneiss complex marks an early stage of deformation possibly due to crustal attenuation. Peak metamorphism (amphibolite/greenschist facies) in the other sequences with only minor orogenic shortening is succeeded by retrogressive strike-slip deformation associated to peak intrusive activity. The encountered typically low-P high-T metamorphism, the predominant strike-slip type kinematic pattern, and the preservation of parts of the Devono-Carboniferous sedimentary cover of the Rise preclude major crustal thickening and subsequent exhumation. An exception is the probably thrust-bounded juxtaposition of the Albersweiler orthogneisses and Burrweiler schists which is supported by their respective PT-paths. The orogenic imprint in the sedimentary cover of the crystalline rise appears to be thermal rather than strain-induced, suggesting a dominant role of the abundant pre- to late-orogenic intrusives. The essential aspects of this sequence of related structural and thermal events as well as the rock type association suggest a largely submarine incipient magmatic arc type of orogenic environment for this part of the Variscan belt. Its evolution probably started during the Upper Devonian on a disintegrating continental platform and proceeded through the Lower Carboniferous continental collision with the Rhenohercynian zone entailing a concomittant switch in deformation mode of the upper plate. 相似文献
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Dr. Onno Oncken 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1988,77(2):551-575
Zusammenfassung Gefügeanalysen in Bewegungsbahnen und bilanzierte Profile erlauben eine Neubewertung der Taunuskammüberschiebung und der begleitenden Struktureinheiten. über die schon länger bekannte Tatsache einer die Faltung und Schieferung überdauernden NW-gerichteten Schuppenstapelung wird deutlich, da\ der Transport des Oberschiebungskörpers im späten Verlauf in westliche Richtung umschwenkt. Damit verbunden ist eine zunehmende Konzentration der Deformation auf die Bewegungsbahnen. Der Ablauf korreliert mit einer retrograden Gefügeentwicklung in den Scherzonen (von Myloniten zu Kataklasiten, vor allem an der Front bzw. Basis des überschiebungskörpers) ausgehend von anchimetamorphen bis grünschieferfaziellen Bedingungen. Diese, stratigraphische Grenzen anscheinend schneidende Metamorphose mit synkinematischem Höhepunkt setzt eine stärkere tektonisch gesteuerte überlagerung der nur ca. 3 km mächtigen devonischen Abfolge am Schiefergebirgssüdrand voraus. Diese Zusammenhänge und die aus Profilen und ihrer Bilanzierung gewonnene Einsicht in die interne Geometrie der Taunuskamm-Soonwald-Einheit legen eine Neuinterpretation nahe: Die Einheit erscheint insgesamt als parautochthoner Deckenkörper (Transport > 8 km an der Front) mit der Internstruktur eines teleskopartig zusammengeschobenen und gestapelten »hinterland-dipping-duplex«-Systems, das vom kristallinen Fundament der nördlichen Mitteldeutschen Schwelle in das nördliche Vorland hinein abgeschert wurde.
The analysis of structures in shear zones and of balanced cross sections allows a new evaluation of the »Taunuskamm«-thrust at the southern border of the Rheinische Schiefergebirge. Besides the long known fact of NW-directed imbrication which outlasts folding and cleavage formation, tectonic transport appears to switch to the west during late stage movement. This development is related to increasing concentration of deformation along the shear zones and is moreover accompanied by retrogressive conditions within the shear zones (from mylonites to cataclasites) at the front and at the base of the thrust body, starting from very low grade to low grade conditions. This synkinematic metamorphism which cuts across stratigraphic boundaries presupposes a tectonic superposition or stacking of the mere 3 km of Devonian sediments at the southern rim of the Rheinische Schiefergebirge. These relationships and the results of balancing lead to a new interpretation of the »Taunuskamm-Soonwald«-unit: the unit seems to be an parautochtonous nappe body (over 8 km of thrusting at the front) with the internal structure of a hinterland dipping duplex system which has been sheared of from the crystalline basement of the northern Mid-German Crystalline Rise, and has been telescoped into the northern bassin.
Résumé L'analyse des structures dans les couloirs de cisaillement («shear zones») et dans les profils équilibrés («balanced cross sections») permet une nouvelle évaluation du chevauchement du «Taunuskamm» à la bordure sud du Massif Schisteux Rhénan. Outre le fait, déjà connu, d'une imbrication vers le NW qui a persisté après la formation du plissement et de la schistosité, il s'avère que le transport tectonique de la masse chevauchante s'est infléchi vers l'ouest pendant sa phase finale. Ce processus s'est accompagné d'une concentration de la déformation dans les couloirs de cisaillement, ainsi que d'une dégradation des structures (de mylonites à cataclasites) au front et à la base du corps charrié dans des conditions (pt) qui vont de l'anchimétamorphisme au faciès des schistes verts. Ce métamorphisme syncinématique, qui transgresse les limites stratigraphiques, implique un empilement tectonique de la série dévonienne, peu épaisse (3 km) au bord sud du Massif Schisteux Rhénan. Ces dispositions ainsi que l'équilibrage des coupes transversales conduisent à une nouvelle interprétation de l'unité du Taunuskamm-Soonwald: il s'agit d'une nappe de charriage parautochtone (flèche de 8 km au front de la nappe) présentant la structure interne d'un système de «hinterland dipping duplex» qui a été décollée du socle cristallin du Seuil de l'Allemagne Centrale et a été télescopée dans le bassin situé au nord.
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In north-eastern Siberia the active mid-ocean Gakkel Ridge interacts with the continental shelf of the Laptev Sea. Extension has affected the shelf since at least the Early Tertiary and has resulted in the formation of a complex horst and graben system. We present new seismic data from the Laptev Sea including deep seismic soundings.The most prominent rift basin is the Ust' Lena Rift with a minimum E–W width of 300 km at latitude 75°N and a Cenozoic infill up to 13 km in thickness. The asymmetric shape of the basin and conclusive evidence for a detachment imply a simple-shear geometry. The suggested rift model combines a ramp and flat geometry for the detachment with ductile stretching beneath the detachment. A major west-dipping, hingeline, listric fault separates the Ust' Lena Rift from the Laptev Horst.The 100–150 km wide Laptev Horst is subdivided into three units by narrow rift grabens. Another prominent rift graben is the Anisin Basin, which is located in the northern shelf area.Though the Laptev Sea Rift formed in interaction with an active mid-oceanic ridge, there are indications that the Laptev Sea rift is of the ‘passive rift’ type. The rift was developed east of a SW–NE trending transfer zone which links the Gakkel Ridge to the Laptev Sea Rift. 相似文献
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Charlotte E. Cederbom Peter van der Beek Fritz Schlunegger Hugh D. Sinclair Onno Oncken 《Basin Research》2011,23(5):528-550
An extensive low‐temperature thermochronology study of the Swiss part of the North Alpine Foreland Basin has been conducted with the aim of deciphering the late Neogene basin development. Apatite fission‐track (AFT) ages from wells located in the distal and weakly deformed Plateau Molasse reveal rapid, km‐scale erosion with an onset in early Pliocene times. The distribution of erosion implies that there was a strong gradient in late Miocene deposition rates along the strike of the basin, with an increase towards the northeast. Additionally, renewed tectonic activity and km‐scale out‐of‐sequence thrusting during Plio‐Pleistocene times is indicated by AFT data from wells within the thrusted, proximal Subalpine Molasse. Several different mechanisms driving late Neogene basin erosion and accelerated erosional discharge from the European Alps have been considered in the literature. Based on our AFT results, we reevaluate previously published hypotheses, and suggest that a change in climate and/or drainage reorganisation coincided and possibly interacted with preexisting tectonic and geodynamic forces in the Alpine region. 相似文献