Planning for resettlement: building partnerships for,by, and with Indigenous peoples     

Kumasaka  Osamu  Bronen  Robin  Harrington  Elise  Knox-Hayes  Janelle  Laska  Shirley  Naquin  Albert  Patrick  Andy  Peterson  Kristina  Tom  Stanislaus 《GeoJournal》2021,87(2):307-327

Efforts in the United States to plan or implement relocation in response to climate risks have struggled to improve material conditions for participants, to incorporate local knowledge, and to keep communities intact. Mixed methodologies of community geography provide an opportunity for dialogue and knowledge-sharing to collaboratively diagnose the challenges of climate adaptation led by communities. In this article, we advance a participatory practice model for the co-creation of knowledge initiated during a two-day workshop with members from the Biloxi-Chitimacha-Choctaw Tribe from Isle de Jean Charles in Louisiana, Yup’ik people from Newtok Village in Alaska, and researchers from the MIT Resilient Communities Lab. Building on prior scholarship of indigenizing climate change research, this article shares the experience of the workshop to support knowledge exchange and dialogue, with the goal of understanding how to build participatory and non-extractive community-academic partnerships. We reflect on the community values and principles used to guide this workshop to inform more inclusive and co-produced research partnerships, and pedagogies that can improve and assist the self-determination of groups impacted by climate change. Workshop presentations and discussions highlight interconnected themes of resources, systems & structures, regulatory imbalance, and resilience that underpin climate resettlement. We reflect on the narratives presented by members of both Indigenous tribes and NGO partners that illustrate the shortcomings of resettlement planning practices past and present as perpetuating existing inequality. In response to this structured knowledge exchange, we identify potential roles for community-academic partnerships that aim to improve the equity of existing resettlement models. We propose approaches for incorporating traditional knowledge into the pedagogy, discourse, and practice of academic planning programs.

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Time-series sediment trap record of alkenones from the western Sea of Okhotsk     

Osamu Seki  Takeshi Nakatsuka  Kimitaka Kawamura  Sei-Ichi Saitoh  Masaaki Wakatsuchi 《Marine Chemistry》2007,104(3-4):253-265

C₃₇–C₃₉ alkenones were measured in time-series sediment trap samples collected from August 1998 to June 2000 at two depths in the seasonal sea ice region of the western Sea of Okhotsk, off Sakhalin, in order to investigate alkenone production and water-column processes in the region. Measurable export fluxes of alkenones are ranged from < 0.1 to 5.8 μg/m²/day and clearly showed that the alkenone production was restricted to autumn. In 1998, maximum export flux of alkenones occurred in September when surface water column was well stratified with low nutrients in the surface mixing layer. In the next year, the maximum flux is observed in October. Comparison between alkenone temperature and satellite based sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the estimated alkenone temperatures in August 1998 were found to be  10 °C lower than the temporal satellite SST, suggesting that alkenones are produced in surface to subsurface thermocline layers during the period. Annual mean flux of alkenones is lower in the lower traps than that of the upper traps, suggesting rapid degradation of alkenones in water column, but the U^K₃₇′ value is not significantly altered. This study indicates that U^K₃₇′ values preserved in the surface sediments off Sakhalin reflect the seasonal temperature signal of near surface water, rather than annual mean surface temperature.  相似文献   

Distribution of moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita in relation to summer hypoxia in Hiroshima Bay,Seto Inland Sea     

Jun Shoji  Takaya Kudoh  Hideyuki Takatsuji  Osamu Kawaguchi  Akihide Kasai 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2010,86(3):485-490

Biological and physical surveys were conducted in order to investigate the relationship between environmental conditions and the distribution of moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita in Hiroshima Bay, western Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Moon jellyfish and ichthyoplankton were collected at 13 stations in Hiroshima Bay during monthly surveys from July to September in 2006 and 2007. Surface temperature in 2006 was significantly lower during the August and September cruises and surface salinity was lower during all cruises than in 2007. Moon jellyfish was the most dominant gelatinous plankton collected, accounting for 89.7% in wet weight. Mean moon jellyfish abundance in 2006 was higher than that in 2007 from July through September, with significant inter-year differences for July and September. Variability in precipitation and nutritional input from the Ohta River, northernmost part of Hiroshima Bay, were suggested as possible factors affecting the inter-annual variability in moon jellyfish abundance in the coastal areas of northern Hiroshima Bay. Moon jellyfish were more abundant in the coastal areas of northern Hiroshima Bay, where the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration was lower, while low in the central part of the bay. Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus eggs were most dominant (58.1% in number) among the ichthyoplankton and were abundant in the central area of Hiroshima Bay. Explanatory analysis was conducted to detect possible effects of environmental conditions on the abundance of moon jellyfish and Japanese anchovy eggs during the summer months in Hiroshima Bay. Of the environmental conditions tested (temperature, salinity and DO of surface and bottom layers at each sampling station), bottom DO had the most significant effect on the moon jellyfish abundance: there was a negative correlation between the bottom DO and the moon jellyfish abundance in Hiroshima Bay during summer.  相似文献   

Cooling and inferred exhumation history of the Ryoke metamorphic belt in the Yanai district, south-west Japan: Constraints from Rb–Sr and fission-track ages of gneissose granitoid and numerical modeling     

Takamoto Okudaira  Yasutaka Hayasaka  Osamu Himeno  Koichiro Watanabe  Yasuhiro Sakurai  Yukiko Ohtomo 《Island Arc》2001,10(2):98-115

Abstract The Ryoke metamorphic belt in south-west Japan consists mainly of I-type granitoids and associated low-pressure/high-temperature metamorphic rocks. In the Yanai district, it has been divided into three structural units: northern, central and southern units. In this study, we measured the Rb–Sr whole-rock–mineral isochron ages and fission-track ages of the gneissose granodiorite in the central structural unit. Four Rb–Sr ages fall in a range of ca 89–87 Ma. The fission-track ages of zircon and apatite are 68.9 ± 2.6 Ma and 57.4 ± 2.5 Ma (1σ error), respectively. Combining the newly obtained ages with previously reported (Th–)U–Pb ages from the same unit, thermochronologic study revealed two distinctive cooling stages; 1) a rapid cooling (> 40°C/Myr) for a period (~7 Myr) soon after the peak metamorphism (~ 95 Ma) and 2) the subsequent slow cooling stage (~ 5°C/Myr) after ca 88 Ma. The first rapid cooling stage corresponds to thermal relaxation of the intruded granodiorite magma and its associated metamorphic rocks, and to the uplift by a displacement along low-angle faults which initiated soon after the intrusion of the magma. Uplift by the later stage deformation having formed large-scale upright folds resulted in progress of the exhumation during the first stage. The average exhumation velocity of the stage is ≥ 2 mm/yr. During the second stage, the rocks were not accompanied by ductile deformation and were exhumed with the rate of 0.1–0.2 mm/yr. The difference in the exhumation velocity between the first and second cooling stages resulted from the difference in the thickness of the crust and in the activity of ductile deformation between the early and later stages of the orogenesis.  相似文献   

Bootstrap statistics for velocity tomography: application of a new information criterion1     

Osamu Nishizawa  Harufumi Nero 《Geophysical Prospecting》1995,43(2):157-176

A new information criterion, the extended information criterion (EIC) was applied in order to determine an optimum solution in simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique (SIRT) P-wave velocity tomography. The EIC is derived from information theory and statistics, and it measures the goodness-of-fit between the true (unknown) data distribution and the observed data distribution: the former gives the probability of data realization from the true (unknown) model, whereas the latter gives a probability of data realization calculated from a particular model of which parameters are estimated. The EIC is calculated using bootstrap statistics, a numerical technique for calculating statistical estimators. Bootstrap statistics enables us to obtain the bias between the log likelihood and the expected log likelihood, and then to obtain the expected log likelihood from the log likelihood. Since the EIC is obtained numerically, we can use it for most problems of model parameter estimation without employing the maximum likelihood method. Taking weak anisotropy into account, we reconstructed the P-wave velocity structure of a rock sample during water infiltration under differential stress loading conditions. The results indicate that we can remove unrealistic solutions sometimes encountered when too many iterations are made. In spite of much computation time, the EIC is a promising technique for the near future, prompted by the rapid progress in current computer technology.  相似文献   

The turbulent characteristics in the lowest part of the sea breeze front in the atmospheric surface layer     

Osamu Chiba 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1993,65(1-2):181-195

Tower measurements for the sea breeze front in the surface layer were carried out over the Kochi plain about 2 km inland from Tosa Bay in Shikoku, Japan during the period from August 1986 to October 1987. The study shows that the penetration time of the sea breeze has an annual variation, which is around 0830 JST in summer and 12 JST in winter, and that the width of the sea breeze front depends on the ratio of the sea breeze speed and the opposing flow speed. Moreover, the frontal width also shows a seasonal variation.The characteristics of the vertical winds (w) found just before and just after the passage of the sea breeze front lead to remarkable downdrafts and updrafts, respectively, with relatively large vertical velocities. Such behaviour ofw is shown to be consistent with the flow relative to the head of the front as reviewed by Simpson (1987), influencing the magnitude of the turbulence scale and the turbulent energy dissipation near the ground surface.  相似文献   

Band-limited heterogeneous fractal structure of earthquakes and acoustic-emission events     

Xinglin Lei  Osamu Nishizawa  Kinichiro Kusunose 《Geophysical Journal International》1993,115(1):79-84

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新疆地区气候与环境变化对沙尘暴的影响研究   总被引：23，自引：25，他引：23  

魏文寿  高卫东  史玉光  Osamu ABE 《干旱区地理》2004,27(2):137-141

根据新疆地区50年来的气候变化以及人类活动的影响，阐述了新疆沙尘暴源区气候与荒漠环境变化。结果表明，新疆地区的气候由暖干向暖湿发展。自20世纪70年代中期以来，暖湿过程非常明显，特别是新疆南疆与北疆的气候变化特点和高山与盆地的气候变化差异以及湖泊其他水域面积的变化，都明显地反映了干旱区域气候变化的敏感性，并且也反映了新疆区域气候与中国中、东部气候变化的差异性。由于气候的波动和人类活动的干扰．使不同地区的荒漠环境受到不同程度影响。干旱地区的降水、大气湿度、下垫面状况等都直接影响着沙尘暴的发生和发展。沙尘暴的发生频率和强度与沙尘源区的状况及其气候与荒漠环境变化以及动力条件(即天气系统)等具有密切的关系。因此，20世纪80年代后期以来，气候变暖是造成干旱区生态环境恶化、自然灾害尤其是风沙灾害和沙尘暴增多的主要原因之一。同时，也反映出内陆干旱区是气候变化的敏感反应区。  相似文献   

Petrographic features of a high-temperature granite just newly solidified magma at the Kakkonda geothermal field, Japan     

Munetake Sasaki  Koichiro Fujimoto  Takayuki Sawaki  Hitoshi Tsukamoto  Osamu Kato  Ryo Komatsu  Nobuo Doi  Masakatsu Sasada 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2003,121(3-4):247-269

A 3729-m-deep geothermal research well, WD-1a, provides us with a unique opportunity to study initial petrographic features of a high-temperature granite just after solidification of magma. The well succeeded in collecting three spot-cores of the Kakkonda Granite that is a pluton emplaced at a shallow depth and regarded as a heat source of the active Kakkonda geothermal system. The core samples were collected at the present formation temperatures of 370, 410 and over 500°C. These samples are granodiorite to tonalite consisting mainly of plagioclase, quartz, hornblende, biotite and K-feldspar. A sample collected at a formation temperature of over 500°C possesses the following remarkable petrographic features compared to the other two samples. Interstitial spaces are not completely sealed. K-feldspar exhibits no perthite by the exsolution of albite lamella. Quartz includes glassy melt inclusions without devitrification. Hornblende is less intensively altered to actinolite, and biotite is not altered. This study directly confirmed that perthite in K-feldspar is a recrystallization texture formed at 410–500°C based on a comparison of the in situ temperatures of the samples. Chemical compositions of minerals were analyzed to compare temperatures determined from geothermometers in several publications to the in situ temperatures of the samples.  相似文献   

A test of ray theory and scattering theory based on a laboratory experiment using ultrasonic waves and numerical simulation by finite‐difference method     

Jesper Spetzler  Chadaram Sivaji  Osamu Nishizawa  Yo Fukushima 《Geophysical Journal International》2002,148(2):165-178

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