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81.
This paper is an analysis of the historical change in city size distribution in India from the perspectives provided by Zipf and Jefferson. Rank-size distribution at national level and primate city-size distribution at regional levels are examined. India's national urban system is gradually evolving towards Zipf's rank-size distribution. But primate cities have persisted in three of the four macro-regions in India. The paper also examines, in the Indian context, the relation between rank-size distribution and an integrated urban system, and the normative nature of the latter as a spatial organization of human society. Finally, we have made a modest attempt to locate the research on city-size distribution, especially Berry's system-theoretic interpretation of rank-size distribution, on the realm of the political economy of urbanization. 相似文献
82.
P. L. S. Rao U. C. Mohanty P. V. S. Raju M. A. Arain 《Journal of Earth System Science》2004,113(3):281-298
The study delineates the vorticity and angular momentum balances of Asian summer monsoon during the evolution and established
phases. It also elucidates the differences between these balances in the National Centre for Environmental Prediction/National
Centre for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis and the National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (NCMRWF)
analysis fields. The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis for a 40 year period (1958-97) and the NCMRWF analysis for a three year (1994-96)
period are made use of for the purpose. The time mean summer monsoon circulation is bifurcated into stable mean and transient
eddy components and the mean component is elucidated.
The generation of vorticity due to stretching of isobars balances most of the vorticity transported out of the monsoon domain
during the evolution period. However, during the established period, the transportation by the relative and planetary vorticity
components exceeds the generation due to stretching. The effective balancing mechanism is provided by vorticity generation
due to sub-grid scale processes. The flux convergence of omega and relative momenta over the monsoon domain is effectively
balanced by pressure torque during the evolution and established phases. Nevertheless, the balance is stronger during the
established period due to the increase in the strength of circulation.
Both the NCMRWF and NCEP fields indicate the mean features related to vorticity and angular momentum budgets realistically.
Apart from the oceanic bias (strong circulation over oceans rather than continents), the summer monsoon circulation indicated
by the NCEP is feeble compared to NCMRWF. The significant terms in the large-scale budgets of vorticity and angular momentum
enunciate this aspect 相似文献
83.
84.
Geology and geochemistry of giant quartz veins from the Bundelkhand Craton,central India and their implications 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
J. K. Pati S. C. Patel K. L. Pruseth V. P. Malviya M. Arima S. Raju P. Pati K. Prakash 《Journal of Earth System Science》2007,116(6):497-510
Giant quartz veins (GQVs; earlier referred to as ‘quartz reefs’) occurring in the Archean Bundelkhand Craton (29,000 km2) represent a gigantic Precambrian (∼2.15 Ga) silica-rich fluid activity in the central Indian shield. These veins form a
striking curvilinear feature with positive relief having a preferred orientation NE-SW to NNE-SSW in the Bundelkhand Craton.
Their outcrop widths vary from ≤1 to 70m and pervasively extend over tens of kilometers along the strike over the entire craton.
Numerous younger thin quartz veins with somewhat similar orientation cut across the giant quartz veins. They show imprints
of strong brittle to ductile-brittle deformation, and in places are associated with base metal and gold incidences, and pyrophyllite-diaspore
mineralization. The geochemistry of giant quartz veins were studied. Apart from presenting new data on the geology and geochemistry
of these veins, an attempt has been made to resolve the long standing debate on their origin, in favour of an emplacement
due to tectonically controlled polyphase hydrothermal fluid activity. 相似文献
85.
Vijayakumar Manghnani Sethu Raman Devdutta S. Niyogi Vinayaka Parameswara John M. Morrison S. V. Ramana J. V. S. S. Raju 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2000,97(3):411-430
The variability in boundary-layerstructure over the Indian Ocean during a north-eastmonsoon and the factors influencing it areinvestigated. This study was made possible as acomponent of the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX),conducted from February 19 to March 30, 1998. The dataused are, surface-layer mean and turbulencemeasurements of temperature, humidity and wind, andvertical soundings of temperature and humidity.Significant spatio-temporal variability was observedin the boundary-layer structure throughout the cruise.The ITCZ was characterized as the region withstrongest winds and maximum surface turbulent fluxesof momentum and heat. One of the important findingsfrom this study was a strong influence of continentalair masses on the boundary-layer structure in theNorthern Hemisphere, even at a distance of 600 km offthe Indian coast. This was generally evident in theform of an elevated plume of dry continental airbetween altitudes of 1500 m and 2700 m. Advection ofcontinental aerosols in this layer presents potentialfor significant entrainment into shallow clouds inthis region, which eventually feed deeper clouds atthe ITCZ. This finding provides an explanation foranomalous higher aerosol concentrations found duringprevious studies. The structure of the marineboundary layer was influenced by various factors suchas proximity to land, an anomalous warm pool in theocean and the ITCZ. In the southern hemisphere, theboundary-layer height was primarily governed bysurface-layer sensible heat flux and was found to behighest in the vicinity of the ITCZ. North of theequator it was strongly influenced by land-air-seainteractions. In addition to this synoptic modulation,there was also a significant diurnal variability inthe boundary-layer height. 相似文献
86.
Amélie Bordage Etienne Balan Johan P. R. de Villiers Robert Cromarty Amélie Juhin Claire Carvallo Georges Calas P. V. Sunder Raju Pieter Glatzel 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2011,38(6):449-458
The oxidation state of vanadium in natural and synthetic Fe–Ti oxides is determined using high-energy resolution fluorescence-detected
X-ray absorption spectroscopy (HERFD-XAS). Eleven natural magnetite-bearing samples from a borehole of the Main Magnetite
Layer of the Bushveld Complex (South Africa), five synthetic Fe oxide samples, and three natural hematite-bearing samples
from Dharwar supergroup (India) are investigated. V K edge spectra were recorded on the ID26 beamline at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (Grenoble, France), and the
pre-edge features were used to determine the local environment and oxidation state of vanadium. In the case of the magnetite
samples (natural and synthetic), we show that vanadium is incorporated in the octahedral site of the spinel structure under
two oxidation states: +III and +IV. The variations of the pre-edge area are interpreted as various proportions in V3+ and V4+ (between 9.5 and 16.3% of V4+), V3+ being the main oxidation state. In particular, the variations of the V4+/V3+ ratio along the profile of the Main Magnetite Layer seem to follow the crystallization sequence of the layer. In the case
of the hematite samples from India, the pre-edge features indicate that vanadium is substituted to Fe and mainly incorporated
as V4+ (between 40 and 72% of V4+). We also demonstrate the potentiality of HERFD-XAS for mineralogical studies, since it can filter out the unwanted fluorescence
and give better resolved spectra than conventional XAS. 相似文献
87.
A time sequence over 80 min of coronal green-line spectra was obtained with a corona- graph at the Norikura Solar Observatory. Doppler velocities, line intensities, and line widths were derived through fitting a single Gaussian to the observed line profiles. Coronal waves have been clearly detected in the Doppler velocity data. The Fourier analysis shows powers in a 1–3 mHz range, and in higher frequencies (5–7 mHz) at localized regions. The propagation speed of the waves was estimated by correlation analysis. The line intensity and line width did not show clear oscillations, but their phase relationship with the Doppler velocity indicates propagating waves rather than standing waves. The existence of Alfvén waves whose speed is 500 km s–1 or faster is possible but inconclusive, while the existence of slower waves (of the order of 100 km s–1, possibly sound waves) is evident. The energy carried by the detected sound waves is far smaller than the required heat input rate to the quiet corona. 相似文献
88.
Line emissions from nitrogen-like ions NeIV, MgVI, and AlVII have been studied as a diagnostic probe for the emitting regions of astrophysical plasma. Line intensities from these ions have been calculated and compared, in this study, with available observational data for solar plasma. 相似文献
89.
90.
Prasanta K. Patro Khasi Raju S. V. S. Sarma 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2018,92(5):529-532
Magnetotelluric (MT) studies along a few traverses, some cutting across the Western Ghats, during the last few years have provided basic insights into the shallow as well as the deeper electrical structure in the regions near and east of the Western Ghat belt. The MT models broadly show a two layered lithospheric electrical structure with an upper high resistive layer (several thousands of Ωm) and a lower moderately conductive layer (a few tens to a few hundred Ωm). The depth of the interface between the two layers is found to vary from about 120–160 km in the south in the SGT to around 80 km in the north in the northern DVP. Another impressive feature that could be noticed in these electrical models is the presence of well-defined major near vertical crustal conductive feature associated with the region of Western Ghat belt, presumably associated with the tectonic evolution of the Western Ghats. Further, these models also brought out several other well-defined conductors that might be linked to structural features like faults, shear zones, etc., in the region. These conductors pierce through the crustal column and some of these, particularly those oriented in NW-SE direction, i.e., oriented transversely with respect to the ambient compressive stress direction of the Indian shield, assume significance in understanding the seismicity of the region. 相似文献