Outer radiation belt of relativistic electrons during the minimum of the 23rd solar cycle     

L. V. Tverskaya  S. V. Balashov  N. N. Veden’kin  V. V. Ivanov  D. S. Karpenko  S. G. Kochura  I. A. Maksimov  S. I. Open’ko  N. N. Pavlov  S. Ya. Reizman  I. A. Rubinshtein  N. N. Sitnokova  M. V. Tel’tsov  D. A. Trofimchuk  V. I. Tulupov 《Geomagnetism and Aeronomy》2012,52(6):740-745

The data on fluxes of electrons with energy Ee > 1 MeV and on radiation doses under the Al shielding of about 2 g/cm² measured on the GLONASS satellite (circular orbit with altitude 20000 km and inclination 65°) for the period from December 2006 through May 2010 are analyzed. The minimum of the 23rd solar cycle turned out to be the longest for all over the space exploration age. Consequently, average semiannual electron fluxes and daily radiation doses are showing the decrease by more than an order of magnitude in comparison with the levels observed in 2007. We present an example of a diffusion wave of relativistic electrons; the wave develops in a period between magnetic storms. This process may result in a significant increase of the radiation dose measured in the orbit, even under the conditions of weak geomagnetic disturbances. The dynamics of variations in relativistic electron fluxes during the magnetic storm of April 5?C6, 2010, is discussed so far as this is the first strong flux enhancement in the 24th solar cycle.  相似文献   

Three distinct reversing modes in the geodynamo     

Y. Gallet  V. E. Pavlov 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2016,52(2):291-296

The data that describe the long-term reversing behavior of the geodynamo show strong and sudden changes in magnetic reversal frequency. This concerns both the onset and the end of superchrons and most probably the occurrence of episodes characterized by extreme geomagnetic reversal frequency (>10–15 rev./Myr). To account for the complexity observed in geomagnetic reversal frequency evolution, we propose a simple scenario in which the geodynamo operates in three distinct reversing modes: i—a “normal” reversing mode generating geomagnetic polarity reversals according to a stationary random process, with on average a reversal rate of ～3 rev./Myr; ii—a non-reversing “superchron” mode characterizing long time intervals without reversal; iii—a hyper-active reversing mode characterized by an extreme geomagnetic reversal frequency. The transitions between the different reversing modes would be sudden, i.e., on the Myr time scale. Following previous studies, we suggest that in the past, the occurrence of these transitions has been modulated by thermal conditions at the core-mantle boundary governed by mantle dynamics. It might also be possible that they were more frequent during the Precambrian, before the nucleation of the inner core, because of a stronger influence on geodynamo activity of the thermal conditions at the core-mantle boundary.  相似文献   

X-ray spectral identification of three candidate quiescent low-mass X-ray binaries in the globular cluster NGC 6304     

Sebastien Guillot  Robert E. Rutledge  Lars Bildsten  Edward F. Brown  George G. Pavlov  Vyacheslav E. Zavlin 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,392(2):665-681

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Modeling optical contrast for thin organic films on the sea surface     

K. A. Shmirko  O. G. Konstantinov  Yu. N. Kul’chin  S. Yu. Stolyarchuk  A. N. Pavlov  M. Yu. Korenskii 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2017,53(3):373-381

A continuation of the work dedicated to the study of slicks and film formations on the sea surface is presented. A vector model for the calculation of reflected radiation by the wavy sea surface with respect to the contribution of upwelling radiation from under the sea surface (the second type of waters) is described briefly in [5]. This work contains an analysis of numerical calculations according to the developed procedure and the search for optimal conditions of slick detection. The best conditions for detecting slicks on the sea surface are reached when a P-polarization component of reflected radiation is recorded. In this case, the value of contrast between a slick and a clean surface is 30% higher on average than in recording a contrast without using a polarization filter and is 50% higher than in the case of recording a contrast with a filter oriented to the maximum transmission of S polarization component of reflected radiation. It is shown that, under clear sky conditions, the optimal condition for recording slicks on a sea surface is videotaping in the plane of solar vertical at viewing angles sliding towards the sea surface and when a polarization filter that identifies the Р polarization component of sea radiation is used. In contrast, under overcast sky conditions, it is best to perform observations in the plane that has a wind velocity vector.  相似文献   

Influence of seismic vibrations on the development of tectonic deformations     

V.?V.?Adushkin  G.?G.?KocharyanEmail author  D.?V.?Pavlov  E.?A.?Vinogradov  A.?I.?Goncharov  V.?I.?Kulikov  A.?A.?Kulyukin 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2009,426(1):588-590

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Geomechanical conditions of the Tien Shan and Altai Orogeny     

V. D. Suvorov  Yu. P. Stefanov  E. V. Pavlov  E. A. Melnik  A. A. Tataurova  V. A. Kochnev 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2017,476(2):1195-1199

The results of numerical modelling of deformation of the Earth’s crust along the Tarim–Altai profile caused by the force of gravity and lateral compression using the approximate two-dimensional model of the elastoplastic transition are presented. The conditions of the formation of mountains and their roots were determined taking into account some geological and geophysical parameters.  相似文献   

The Geochemical Prerequisites for the Formation of High-Carbonate Inversion Groundwater with Reduced Dissolved Solids Content in Deep Horizons of Oil-and-Gas Bearing Structures     

Krainov  S. R.  Ryzhenko  B. N.  Pavlov  Yu. S. 《Water Resources》2003,30(2):154-176

Synthesis of empirical natural materials and thermodynamic computer modeling of geochemical processes in water–rock systems at different boundary conditions (solid-to-liquid ratio, , T) were used to determine the genetic causes of the inverse geochemical zonality that forms in deep horizons of oil-and-gas bearing structures. The geochemical pattern of inversion water was found to form chiefly because of changes in the Eh–pH-conditions of the original groundwater under the effect of organic components of rocks and because of an increase in temperature to 100°C at low values of solid-to-liquid ratios and at no higher than 10^–2 bar.  相似文献   

Laser ablation ICP-MS analyses of tree-ring profiles in pine and birch from N Norway and NW Russia – a reliable record of the pollution history of the area?     

C.-D. Garbe-Schönberg  C. Reimann  V. A. Pavlov 《Environmental Geology》1997,32(1):9-16

 Laser ablation ICP-MS analysis of tree rings provides a rapid and sensitive method for investigating element concentrations and fluctuations in trees along time profiles. Time profiles obtained from pine and birch trees from a strongly polluted area in northwest Russia and a slightly polluted area at the Norwegian-Russian border show that single trees behave rather individualistically in terms of heavy metal contents as observed in the yearly growth rings. The obtained profiles can not be linked to the pollution history of the area. No correlation between pollution levels of the soils and observed metal content in tree rings can be established. Received: 6 September 1996 / Accepted: 18 November 1996  相似文献   

Anthropogenic noble-metal enrichment of topsoil in the Monchegorsk area, Kola Peninsula, northwest Russia     

Rognvald Boyd  Heikki Niskavaara  Esko Kontas  Victor Chekushin  Vladimir Pavlov  Morten Often  Clemens Reimann 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》1997,58(2-3)

Eight catchments, an area of 15 to 35 km², have been studied within an ecogeochemical mapping programme in the western Kola Peninsula and contiguous parts of Finland and Norway. Three catchments, one northeast of Zapolyarniy (1) and two, 5 and 25 km south of Monchegorsk (2 and 4) show high levels of deposition of heavy metals, especially nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu), related to the metallurgical industry in these cities. Twenty-five topsoil samples, from sites evenly distributed over catchment 2, have mean contents of Ni and Cu 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than both C-horizon samples from the same sites and topsoil samples from catchment 4, providing strong evidence for the anthropogenic origin of the heavy metals. The same samples show geometric mean total contents for the noble metals analysed of: 1.4 μg/kg rhodium (Rh), 49.6 μg/kg platinum (Pt), 187.6 μg/kg palladium (Pd) and 9.5 μg/kg gold (Au). The pattern of concentration of the noble metals mirrors that found in published averages for ore from the Talnakh mineralizations in the Noril'sk province, though 1–2 orders of magnitude lower. This also clearly shows that the noble-metal contents of the topsoil are anthropogenic, and suggests that they emanate from the plants in Monchegorsk at an early stage in treatment of the ore, probably as a minor component of Ni-Cu rich particles. The noble-metal geochemistry of the topsoil in the other catchments also reflects the nature of the ore being processed at the plants nearby.  相似文献   

Palaeomagnetic studies of Proterozoic rocks from the Lake Onega region, southeast Fennoscandian Shield     

V. Damm  T. S. Gendler  E. G. Gooskova  A. N. Khramov  M. Lewandowski  P. Nozharov  V. I. Pavlov  G. N. Petrova  S. A. Pisarevsky  S. J. Sokolov 《Geophysical Journal International》1997,129(3):518-530

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