Circulation on the north central Chukchi Sea shelf   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

Thomas Weingartner  Knut Aagaard  Rebecca Woodgate  Seth Danielson  Yasunori Sasaki  Donald Cavalieri 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2005,52(24-26):3150

Mooring and shipboard data collected between 1992 and 1995 delineate the circulation over the north central Chukchi shelf. Previous studies indicated that Pacific waters crossed the Chukchi shelf through Herald Valley (in the west) and Barrow Canyon (in the east). We find a third branch (through the Central Channel) onto the outer shelf. The Central Channel transport varies seasonally in phase with Bering Strait transport, and is 0.2 Sv on average, although some of this might include water entrained from the outflow through Herald Valley. A portion of the Central Channel outflow moves eastward and converges with the Alaskan Coastal Current at the head of Barrow Canyon. The remainder appears to continue northeastward over the central outer shelf toward the shelfbreak, joined by outflow from Herald Valley. The mean flow opposes the prevailing winds and is primarily forced by the sea-level slope between the Pacific and Arctic oceans. Current variations are mainly wind forced, but baroclinic forcing, associated with upstream dense-water formation in coastal polynyas might occasionally be important.Winter water-mass modification depends crucially on the fall and winter winds, which control seasonal ice development. An extensive fall ice cover delays cooling, limits new ice formation, and results in little salinization. In such years, Bering shelf waters cross the Chukchi shelf with little modification. In contrast, extensive open water in fall leads to early and rapid cooling, and if accompanied by vigorous ice production within coastal polynyas, results in the production of high-salinity (>33) shelf waters. Such interannual variability likely affects slope processes and the transport of Pacific waters into the Arctic Ocean interior.  相似文献   

Rapid subglacial streamlined bedform formation at a calving bay margin          下载免费PDF全文

Thomas P. F. Dowling  Per Möller  Matteo Spagnolo 《第四纪科学杂志》2016,31(8):879-892

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Solution chemistry studies and flotation behaviour of apatite,calcite and fluorite minerals with sodium oleate collector     

Robert Pugh  Per Stenius 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》1985,15(3):193-218

The maximum flotation response for three naturally occurring calcium minerals, apatite, calcite and fluorite with sodium oleate collector correlated directly with the minimum interfacial tension of the air/solution interface. For fluorite and apatite the minimum surface tension occurred about the mid-pH region and was attributed to the formation of pre-micellar associated species in solution. In the case of calcite the minimum was observed at high pH since the presence of high concentrations of calcium ions in solution appeared to reduce the concentration of amphililic species in the low and mid-pH regions.Microelectrophoresis data demonstrated that the three minerals acquired a negative charge in sodium oleate solution, resulting from adsorption of oleate species on the mineral surfaces.The flotation behaviour of the systems were shown to be related to the species distribution diagrams suggesting that the role of the acid soap dimer, soap dimer, molecular and lattice species could make a significant contribution to the character and composition of the interfacial films.High flotation response was explained by strong adhesion between the hydrophobic particle and bubble. It was suggested that the reduction in surface tension may not be the major factor contributing to the flotation efficiency but indicated the presence of associated surfactant species in solution which could also synergistically adsorb at the solid/liquid interface, increasing the hydrophobic character of the mineral surface. This would maximize the magnitude of the contact angle and hence the strength of the adhesion between particle and bubble. This adsorption behaviour is not in general agreement with conventionally non-hydrolyzable collector theory which is usually based on electrostatic models.  相似文献   

Thermodynamic and kinetic constraints on reaction rates among minerals and aqueous solutions. II. Rate constants,effective surface area,and the hydrolysis of feldspar     

Harold C. Helgeson  William M. Murphy  Per Aagaard 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1984,48(12):2405-2432

Analysis of experimental data reported by Lagache (1965, 1976), Evans (1965), Busenberg (1975), Busenberg and Clemency (1976), Holdren and Berner (1979), Siegel and Pfannkuch (1984), and Chou and Wollast (1984) with the aid of irreversible thermodynamics and transition state theory (Aagaard and Helgeson, 1977, 1982) suggests that at temperatures at least up to 650°C, the rate of both congruent and incongruent feldspar hydrolysis in aqueous solutions far from equilibrium at pH ? 10.6 ? (2300/T), where T stands for temperature in kelvins, is a function solely of effective surface area and pH at constant pressure and temperature. At higher pH, the rate is apparently pH-independent up to ~pH 8 at 25°C, where it again becomes pH-dependent at higher pH. Observations of scanning electron micrographs indicate that the cross-sectional area of etch pits on hydrolyzed feldspar grains is of the order of 10^?9 to 10^?8 cm² and that the ratio of the effective to total surface area (which may or may not change with reaction progress) ranges from <0.01 to 1, depending on the grain size, dislocation density, and the extent of comminution damage on the surfaces of the grains. Apparent rate constants retrieved from experimental data reported in the literature for feldspar hydrolysis in the lower pH-dependent range extend from ~10^?13 to ~10^?7 moles cm^?2 sec^?1 at temperatures from 25° to 200°C, which is consistent with activation enthalpies for albite and adularia of the order of 20 kcal mole^?1. In contrast, the apparent rate constants for the pH-independent rate law range from ~10^?16 to ~10^?11 moles cm^?2 sec^?1 at temperatures from 25° to 650°C, which requires an activation enthalpy for adularia of ~ 9 kcal mole^?1. These observations are consistent with surface control of reaction rates among minerals and aqueous solutions. The rate-limiting step in the pH-dependent case apparently corresponds at the lower end of the pH scale to breakdown of a protonated configuration of atoms on the surface of the reactant feldspar, but at higher pH the rate is limited by decomposition of an activated surface complex corresponding in stoichiometry to hydrous feldspar. In highly alkaline solutions, an activated complex containing hydroxyl ions apparently controls the rate of feldspar hydrolysis. Nevertheless, near equilibrium, regardless of pH the rate is proportional to the chemical affinity of the overall hydrolysis reaction.  相似文献   

Lineaments in groundwater exploration: a review of applications and limitations     

Per Sander 《Hydrogeology Journal》2007,15(1):71-74

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Die nordschwedischen Eisenerze und verwandte Lagerstätten als Beispiele eruptiver Spaltungsprozesse     

Per Geijer 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1935,26(5):351-366

Zusammenfassung Seit einem früheren Stadium der geologischen Erforschung der nordschwedischen Eisenerzlagerstätten vom Typus Kiruna — meistens apatitreiche Magnetiterze — war es den damit beschäftigten Forschern klar, daß die Substanz der Erze im magmatischen Stadium von dem Magma der begleitenden Porphyrgesteine abgespaltet wurde. Die Natur und die Ursachen dieses Abspaltens müssen nach dem geologischen Befund beurteilt werden, denn es handelt sich um spätmagmatische Ereignisse in einem experimentell noch nicht erforschbaren Gebiet. Mineralparagenese, Struktur, Kontaktverhältnisse usw. deuten auf Kristallisation aus einem an leichtflüchtigen Gemengteilen reichen Magma (pneumotektische Gebilde). Der spätmagmatische oder restmagmatische Charakter der Erzbildung wird auch durch Übergänge nach Erztypen, die bei niedrigeren Temperaturen gebildet sind, klargelegt. Die Trennung zwischen Erz und Gestein erscheint ebenso scharf wie in den Fällen, in denen erzbildende Lösungen gasförmig abgeschieden worden sind. Die Abscheidung muß auch bei den hier behandelten spätmagmatischen Erzen auf die Wirkung der leichtflüchtigen Gemengteile (Magmagase) zurückgeführt werden. Genetisch verwandt sind sulfidische Erze, deren Anknüpfung an den Kirunatypus aus ihrem Apatit- und Magnetitgehalt hervorgeht, und die sich entweder aus pneumotektischen Magmen oder aus gasförmigen Lösungen kristallisierten. Mehr entfernt von der magmatischen Kristallisation folgen gewisse metasomatische Erze ähnlicher Zusammensetzung. Eigentümlicherweise zeigen aber die kontaktmetasomatischen Eisenerze in Kalkstein eine wesentlich andere Zusammensetzung der aus dem Magma stammenden Gemengteile, obgleich auch ihr Material aus dem Magma in Gasform entwich. Besonders auffallend ist der hohe Kieselsäuregehalt und die Seltenheit des Apatits. Diese Eigenschaften findet man auch in den Lagerstätten von diesem Typus, die in demselben Gebiet wie die Kiruna-Erze auftreten, und die mit den dortigen Tiefengesteinen verbunden sind.  相似文献   

Mexican symposium on port planning design and construction     

Per Bruun 《Coastal Engineering》1983,7(2):183-184

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Probable causes for cyanobacterial expansion in the Baltic Sea: Role of anoxia and phosphorus retention     

Per?WestmanEmail author  Johanna?Borgendahl  Thomas?S.?Bianchi  Nianhong?Chen 《Estuaries and Coasts》2003,26(3):680-689

This study corroborates the hypothesis that nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria have probably occurred as an important component of the phytoplankton community in the Baltic Sea at least since brackish water conditions were initiated 8,500¹⁴C yr BP. Pigment analyses indicate that extensive occurrences started prior to a sharp increase in nutrient levels dated to 7,100¹⁴C yr BP. The cyanobacteria could have functioned as a natural trigger for eutrophication in the Baltic Sea by importing nitrogen. This is also verified by a contemporaneous drop in the δ¹⁵N values from 4‰ to around 2‰. We further conclude that the spreading of cyanobacteria was probably caused by a decrease in nitrogen∶phosphorus (N∶P) in the water mass that resulted from the intrusion of oceanic water with high P levels. The fractionation of P in sediments indicated that iron-bound P was efficiently sequestered under anoxic conditions that occurred as a consequence of the establishment of a stable stratification caused by the marine intrusion. This pool only showed minor variations around 3 μmol g⁻¹ at the freshwater-brackish water transition. All P pools except the CaCO₃ fraction showed a distinct increase around 9,300¹⁴C yr BP prior to the transition. We interpreted this increase as a change in preservation of organic matter or in the source of the sediment. Slightly after 4,000¹⁴C yr BP there was a dramatic drop in all P pools without any corresponding decreases in total N and carbon. Total P decreased from around 75 to 25–30 μmol g⁻¹. The most dramatic drop occurred in the organic bound and the detrital apatite fractions, which decreased by a factor of 3–4. We explain this as a preferential regeneration of P, especially organic P, compared to other nutrients due to more prevalent anoxic conditions.  相似文献   

A.R. Silvester, Editor, Coastal Engineering, I. (Generation, propagation and influence of waves), Developments in Geotechnical Engineering, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1974), p. 457 Dfl. 80.00.     

Per Jrgensen 《Engineering Geology》1974,8(4):402-403

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Filamentary structures in planetary nebulae     

Hanna Dahlgren  Per Carlqvist  Gösta F. Gahm 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2007,310(1-2):65-72

We have studied small-scale, filamentary features in 14 planetary nebulae and found that some structures are recurrent and shaped like the letters V and Y, with the apex or stem pointing toward the central parts of the nebula. Two such filaments containing dust, one in NGC 3132 and one in NGC 7293, were investigated in more detail. The mass and density of the filaments were obtained from extinction measurements, and their physical properties were derived. We propose that the structures are confined by magnetic fields, and derive magnetic field strengths of about 10⁻⁸ T, in line with earlier estimates. We also estimate the magnitude of the electric currents that we expect are generated in these dynamic systems. We propose a theory where the magnetic fields control the sculpting and evolution of small-scale filaments. This theory demonstrates how the substructures may form magnetized flux ropes that are twisted around each other, in the shape of double helices. Similar structures, and with similar origin, are found in many other astrophysical environments.  相似文献