Late-time emission of the type II Supernovae powered by the radioactive decay56Ni−56Co−56Fe     

N. N. Chugai 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1988,146(2):375-388

A one-zone model for the late time SN II energized by the radioactive decay⁵⁶Ni–⁵⁶Co–⁵⁶Fe is presented. The model succeeds in reproducing for the late time evolution of H and [Oi] 6300 emission lines in SN1970g for the reasonable set of parameters: mass of ejecta 4M , boundary velocityv ₀=4000 km s^–1 and amount of⁵⁶NiM _Ni=0.02M . However, a one-zone model does not account for the late time continuum. In the case of SN1980k the radioactive model fits H and [Oi] 6300 emissions att250 day satisfactory but fails at very late time, e.g.,t=670 day when the predicted value of the ratioL(H)/L(6300) is two orders of magnitude smaller than the observed one. We suggest that the strong H emission in SN1980k on the 670th day is due to the interaction of the supernova envelope with the pre-SN wind. The radioactive model for the late time SN II predicts strong Mgii 2800 line and detectable Hei 10830 line in emission and absorption.  相似文献   

Sub-iron to iron nuclei in low-energy (50–200 MeV nucl−1) cosmic rays as observed in the Skylab experiment     

N. Durgaprasad  S. Biswas 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1988,149(1):163-170

In this paper we present our most recent results on the sub-iron (Sc to Cr) to Fe nuclei abundance ratios in the low-energy cosmic rays of 50 to 250 MeV nucl.^–1 and their implications as observed in theSkylab experiment. In view of the importance of this ratio in determining the cosmic-ray pathlength in interstellar medium, we have obtained additional data in the same detector module and the results of final analysis are reported. Charge determinations in the Lexan detector were made from an average of about four independent measurements ofZ for each of the cosmic-ray events and the mean charge resolution is obtained asZ/Z0.2. From about 100 events of calcium to nickel in low-energy cosmic rays, sub-iron (Sc to Cr) to Fe–Co ratio is determined as 1.43±0.40 in 50–250 MeV nucl.^–1. This shows a large energy dependence of the ratio as compared to the value of 0.4–0.8 in 200–1000 MeV nucl.^–1 as measured by many investigators. The origin of this large enhancement of the ratios in low-energy cosmic rays is not known at present. Some possible suggestions are briefly mentioned.  相似文献   

Large-scale structure of background fields and active regions     

N. B. Ograpishvili 《Solar physics》1988,115(1):33-41

An attempt is made to study the relations between emergence of active regions and the solar background large-scale structures on the basis of Solar Geophysical Data, including Kitt-Peak magnetograms, H filtergrams, and Ca images.The emergence of 217 active regions (a.r.s) that have appeared on the solar disk not farther than ± 60° from the central meridian is studied. The a.r.s are divided into two classes A and B according to their birth location. Class A contains a.r.s emerged far (8–10°) from the background field boundaries, and class B- those emerged near to (55°) or just at the boundaries.It was found that a.r.s of class A differ appreciably from those of class B; in particular, the dimensions and the intensity (S, I) of class B a.r.s are nearly twice as large as those of class A. For class A a.r.s some alterations of the solar large-scale structure boundaries were found in 15% of all the cases, whereas for those of class B in 60%.  相似文献   

Identification of the interstellar cyanomethyl radical (CH2CN) in the molecular clouds TMC-1 and Sagittarius B2     

Irvine WM  Friberg P  Hjalmarson A  Ishikawa S  Kaifu N  Kawaguchi K  Madden SC  Matthews HE  Ohishi M  Saito S  Suzuki H  Thaddeus P  Turner BE  Yamamoto S  Ziurys LM 《The Astrophysical journal》1988,334(2):L107-L111

We report the astronomical identification of the cyanomethyl radical, CH2CN, the heaviest nonlinear molecular radical to be identified in interstellar clouds. The complex fine and hyperfine structures of the lowest rotational transitions at about 20.12 and 40.24 GHz are resolved in TMC-1, where the abundance appears to be about 5 x 10(-9) relative to that of H2. This is significantly greater than the observed abundance of CH3CN (methyl cyanide) in TMC-1. In Sgr B2 the hyperfine structure is blended in the higher frequency transitions at 40, 80, and 100 GHz, although the spin-rotation doubling is clearly evident. Preliminary searches in other sources indicate that the distribution of CH2CN is similar to that for such carbon chain species as HC3N or C4H.  相似文献   

Space charge sheath in plasma-neutral gas interaction     

N. Venkataramani  S. K. Mattoo 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1986,121(1):83-103

A space charge sheath is found to be formed whenever a high-velocity magnetized plasma stream penetrates a gas cloud. The sheath is always located at the head of the plasma stream, and its thickness is very small compared to the length of the plasma stream. Soon after the sheath is formed it quickly slows down to the Alfvén critical velocity. The plasma behind the sheath continues to move at higher velocity until the whole plasma stream is retarded to the critical velocity. In the interaction at gas density 10¹⁹ m^–3 the sheaths are observed to be accompanied by a single loop of current with current density of 10⁵ Å m^–2. Maximum potential in the sheath ranges between 50 and 200 V.Presently available models for the sheath may explain the initiation of the sheath formation. Physical processes like heating of the electrons and ionization of the gas cloud which come into play at a later stage of the interaction are not included in these models. These processes considerably alter the potential structure in the sheath region. A schematic model of the observed sheath is presented here.Experiments reveal a threshold value of the magnetic field for plasma retardation to occur. This seems to correspond to the threshold condition for excitation of the modified two-stream instability which can lead to the electron heating. The observed current are found sufficient to account for the plasma retardation at a gas density of 10¹⁷ m^–3.  相似文献   

Development of a real-time algorithm for detection of solar wind discontinuities     

D. Vandev  K. Danov  P. Mateev  P. Petrov  M. Kartalev  N. Trendafilov  Z. K. Smith  M. Dryer 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1986,120(2):211-221

A study is presented of an algorithm, based on the statistical analysis of interplanetary magnetic field data, for the real-time detection of discontinuities in the solar wind. The analysis is based on the application of a sliding or searching algorithm together with a minimum variance treatment. A demonstration is given for a Pioneer data set from 29 August, 1966. This particular data set was chosen because it has been extensively studied (in terms of the fast forward MHD shock wave) by previous groups who utilized the three-dimensional Rankine-Hugoniot shock equations after identifying the shock on a subjective basis. Our procedure differs in that it is perfectly objective because of its searching technique. For this particular data set we identify the original shock with excellent agreement with the earlier studies of its normal vector, as well as an additional shock and tangential discontinuity, neither of which had been identified previously.  相似文献   

Main sequence for rotating stars of intermediate mass     

D. Eryurt-Ezer  H. Kirbiyik  N. Özkara 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1986,126(1):29-50

We have investigated the evolutionary behaviour of intermediate mass (2, 3, 4, 5, and 7M ) Population I stars, assuming two different rates of rotation at the threshold of stability.In the first part of the study, stars are assumed to start with a critical rotation (fast rotation model) and to progress to the point of rotational instability. The stars evolve by losing mass and become rotationally unstable before they reach the zero-age Main Sequence. It is argued that multiple star systems might be formed through the evolution of rapidly rotating stars. An expression for the rotational mass loss rate is derived as a function of the physical parameters of stars.In the second part of the study, stars are assumed to rotate at a rate below the critical value (slow rotation model). The evolution of slowly rotating stars is followed as far as zero-age Main Sequence on the theoretical Hertzsprung-Russell diagram and compared with that of normal stars. The evolutionary paths are found to be more or less similar to those of normal stars; but their positions on the Main Sequence are characterized by effective temperatures and luminosities lower than those of normal stars. The zero-age Main-Sequence times of these stars are longer than those of normal stars. The rotational rates obtained for the zero-age Main Sequence are in good agreement with observed values.  相似文献   

Force-free equilibrium at magnetic neutral points     

N. Seehafer 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1986,122(2):247-255

It is shown that, at neutral points of force-free magnetic fields, the electric current density must vanish. This property is independent of whether the neutral points are isolated or (e.g.) fill lines or surfaces. One implication is the fact that in a cold pressureless plasma the formation of neutral current sheets cannot be adiabatically slow. The field-line topology in the neighbourhood of neutral points is discussed. At neutral points of force-free magnetic fields in general three constant- surfaces, defined by the equation ×B=B, with the same value of intersect orthogonally. If, during a time-development, the magnetic field gradient matrix B _i/x _j becomes singular at a neutral point, the field topology can change qualitatively — in general connected with the merger of two or more neutral points into one and/or the splitting up of one neutral point into several others. This can be interpreted as implying the transition from a quasi-static evolution to a dynamical state in which magnetic energy is released.  相似文献   

Polarimetry of comets: A review     

Dobrovolsky  O. V.  Kiselev  N. N.  Chernova  G. P. 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1986,34(2):189-200

Some attempts of polarimetric sounding of Comet Halley will be undertaken from the flyby probes. In order to facilitate the final planning and the future interpretation of these experiments we have done a thorough analysis of practically all available polarimetric observations. An emphasis is made on interpretation attempts and their discussion. The results of the phase dependence of polarization investigations are presented covering a wide range of phase angles . The chief peculiarities of this dependence are: maximum polarization at = 90, diminishing through zero at 20, negative values up to several per cent and a final growth to zero at zero . A division into gaseous and dusty comets on polarimetric basis is revealed. The wavelength dependence of polarization is discussed. The numerous results of detailed polarimetry are compared to the negative results of attempts to detect the elliptical polarization. New observational problems arising from the evidence given by the negative polarization at small phase angles and by the opposition effect recently discovered are discussed.  相似文献   

Energy interconnection between the plasma cloud ejected from the active region and the shock wave     

I. N. Garczyńska  B. Rompolt 《Solar physics》1986,105(1):101-109

The relation between the ejected plasma cloud and the shock wave propagating ahead of it is examined for 27 pairs of such events. The flare sprays and the eruptive prominences observed in H line as well as the fast-moving sources of type-IV radio bursts have been considered as such ejected plasma clouds. Propagation of the shock wave in the solar corona has been examined from the observations of type-II radio bursts. Using the Parker model of the propagation of a shock wave, the shock wave velocity has been compared with the plasma cloud velocity. Energy interconnection between these two events has been studied. In the majority of the investigated cases there exists an energetic interconnection between the plasma cloud and the shock wave.  相似文献