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81.
Abstract The snow and rain in the Himalayas are the main sources of supply for the rivers in the Indo-Gangetic plains. Irrigation, hydropower generation, and water supply are very much dependent on the availability of water in the Himalaya rivers. Mathematical models serve as important aids for the estimation of water availability in rivers. In the present study the SLURP watershed model is applied to a rainfed area of the Satluj catchment located in the western Himalayas, India. The SLURP model developed at NHRI, Canada, is a distributed conceptual model which simulates the behaviour of a watershed by carrying out vertical water balances for each element of a matrix of landcovers and subareas of a watershed and then routing the resulting runoff between subareas. The ILWIS geographic information system was used to prepare the input data required for SLURP and land use data were obtained from the IRS satellite LISS II visible and near infrared sensors. The simulated flows at the Bhakhra Dam outlet of the Satluj catchment were computed and found to compare well with the observed flows. 相似文献
82.
Impact of additional surface observation network on short range weather forecast during summer monsoon 2008 over Indian subcontinent 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The three dimensional variational data assimilation scheme (3D-Var) is employed in the recently developed Weather Research
and Forecasting (WRF) model. Assimilation experiments have been conducted to assess the impact of Indian Space Research Organisation’s
(ISRO) Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) surface observations (temperature and moisture) on the short range forecast over the
Indian region. In this study, two experiments, CNT (without AWS observations) and EXP (with AWS observations) were made for
24-h forecast starting daily at 0000 UTC during July 2008. The impact of assimilation of AWS surface observations were assessed
in comparison to the CNT experiment. The spatial distribution of the improvement parameter for temperature, relative humidity
and wind speed from one month assimilation experiments demonstrated that for 24-h forecast, AWS observations provide valuable
information. Assimilation of AWS observed temperature and relative humidity improved the analysis as well as 24-h forecast.
The rainfall prediction has been improved due to the assimilation of AWS data, with the largest improvement seen over the
Western Ghat and eastern India. 相似文献
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M SHRAVAN KUMAR V K ANANDAN AMIT KESARKAR P NARASIMHA REDDY 《Journal of Earth System Science》2011,120(1):65-72
Doppler SODAR (Sound Detection and Ranging) measurements over a tropical Indian station at National Atmospheric Research Laboratory
(NARL), Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E) during two consecutive monsoon seasons, 2007 and 2008, are investigated to study the influence
of mechanically generated turbulence on temperature structure parameter (CT2)_{\rm T}^{2}) in the convective boundary layer. Increase in the CT2_{\rm T}^{2} is observed after the arrival of monsoon for both seasons. Contribution of vertical wind shear in horizontal wind component
to CT2_{\rm T}^{2} due to zonal winds is responsible for the increase observed in the temperature structure parameter which is inferred from
the results obtained. CT2_{\rm T}^{2} is found to be increased by an order of 2 in both the lower and upper altitudes, respectively. Magnitude of wind speed is
reported to be doubled with the arrival of monsoon. It is also observed that, southwest monsoon wind modulates the day-to-day
variations of wind pattern over this station during the onset phase of monsoon season. The lower variability observed at lower
height is attributed to the complex topography surrounding this region. 相似文献
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89.
SAVITA PATWARDHAN ASHWINI KULKARNI K KRISHNA KUMAR 《Journal of Earth System Science》2012,121(1):203-210
A state-of-the-art regional climate modelling system, known as PRECIS (Providing REgional Climates for Impacts Studies) developed
by the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, UK is applied over the Indian domain to investigate the impact of
global warming on the cyclonic disturbances such as depressions and storms. The PRECIS simulations at 50 × 50 km horizontal
resolution are made for two time slices, present (1961–1990) and the future (2071–2100), for two socioeconomic scenarios A2
and B2. The model simulations under the scenarios of increasing greenhouse gas concentrations and sulphate aerosols are analysed
to study the likely changes in the frequency, intensity and the tracks of cyclonic disturbances forming over north Indian
Ocean (Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea) and the Indian landmass during monsoon season. The model overestimates the frequency
of cyclonic disturbances over the Indian subcontinent in baseline simulations (1961–1990). The change is evaluated towards
the end of present century (2071–2100) with respect to the baseline climate. The present study indicates that the storm tracks
simulated by the model are southwards as compared to the observed tracks during the monsoon season, especially for the two
main monsoon months, viz., July and August. The analysis suggests that the frequency of cyclonic disturbances forming over
north Indian Ocean is likely to reduce by 9% towards the end of the present century in response to the global warming. However,
the intensity of cyclonic disturbances is likely to increase by about 11% compared to the present. 相似文献
90.