Moisture expansion as a deterioration factor for sandstone used in buildings   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

Joerg Ruedrich  Tobias Bartelsen  Reiner Dohrmann  Siegfried Siegesmund 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,63(7-8):1545-1564

The expansion processes that develop in building stones upon changes of moisture content may be an important contributing factor for their deteriorations. Until recently, few data could be found in the literature concerning this parameter and weathering processes. Moreover, the processes that may be responsible for the moisture related expansion of natural building stones are not yet completely understood. To further elucidate this process, extensive mineralogical, petrophysical and fabric investigations were performed on eight German sandstones in order to obtain more information regarding the weathering process and its dependence on the rock fabric. The analysed sandstones show a wide range of pore size distributions and porosities. A positive correlation with the fabric and the pore space can be found for all studied petrophysical parameters. The intensity of the expansion and related swelling pressure cannot be attributed only to the swelling of clay minerals. The investigations suggest that the micropores and the resulting disjoining pressure during wet/dry cycles also play an important role. The results obtained suggest that the mechanism is related to the presence of liquid water within the porous material.  相似文献   

Moisture expansion associated to secondary porosity: an example of the Loseros Tuff of Guanajuato, Mexico   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

Rubén López-Doncel  Wanja Wedekind  Reiner Dohrmann  Siegfried Siegesmund 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,69(4):1189-1201

The old mining city of Guanajuato in middle Mexico preserves one of the most important historical legacies in colonial buildings, the UNESCO declared the city World Heritage Site in 1988. Practically all the colonial constructions were built with natural stones from the neighbourhood, of which stands a greenish to reddish vulcanite, called Loseros Tuff. Although the Loseros Tuff is widely used in historical buildings in the city. It shows significant deterioration and weathering effects, principally in the parts where the tuff shows a coarse grain size. The petrographic, petrophysical, mineralogical and geochemical properties of the Loseros Tuff were analysed in order to determine the causes, effects, behaviour and response to deterioration of this volcanic rock. The results of the investigations suggest that in addition to the parameters like the grain size and the porosity properties, the pore radii distribution is decisive for the effectiveness of porosity and the water transport into the rock. It is recognized that once the liquid water invades the rock the dissolution of the matrix occurs, which is accompanied by a sudden moisture expansion favoured by the newly formed secondary porosity and the high content of expandable clay minerals.  相似文献   

A Highly Circularly Polarized Solar Radio Emission Component Observed at Hectometric Wavelengths     

M. J. Reiner  M. L. Kaiser  J. Fainberg  J. -L. Bougeret 《Solar physics》2006,234(2):301-324

We report here the observation of a rare solar radio event at hectometric wavelengths that was characterized by essentially 100% circularly polarized radiation and that was observed continuously for about six days, from May 17 to 23, 2002. This was the first time that a solar source with significantly polarized radiation was detected by the WAVES experiment on the Wind spacecraft. From May 19 to 22, the intense polarized radio emissions were characterized by quasi-periodic intensity variations with periods from one to two hours and with superposed drifting, narrowband, fine structures. The bandwidth of this radiation extended from about 400 kHz to 7 MHz, and the peak frequency of the frequency spectrum slowly decreased from 2 MHz to about 0.8 MHz over the course of four days. The radio source, at each frequency, was observed to slowly drift from east to west about the Sun, as viewed from the Earth and was estimated to lie between 26 and 82R_⊙ (R_⊙ = 696 000 km). We speculate that this unusual event may represent an interplanetary manifestation of a moving type IV burst and discuss possible radio emission mechanisms. The ISEE-3 spacecraft may possibly have detected a similar event some 26 years ago.  相似文献   

Redox processes in subducting oceanic crust recorded by sulfide-bearing high-pressure rocks and veins (SW Tianshan,China)     

Ji-Lei Li  Jun Gao  Reiner Klemd  Timm John  Xin-Shui Wang 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2016,171(8-9):72

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Thermal expansion on volcanic tuff rocks used as building stones: examples from Mexico     

Rubén López-Doncel  Wanja Wedekind  Alfredo Aguillón-Robles  Reiner Dohrmann  Sergio Molina-Maldonado  Theresa Leiser  Anna Wittenborn  Siegfried Siegesmund 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(9):338

Three cities in the center of Mexico, declared as cultural heritage, were erected mainly of volcanic tuffs as main construction element. Many of the historic buildings of these cities show significant damage and deterioration. One of the causes of these damages can be attributed to a phenomenon poorly studied in volcanic tuffs, the thermal expansion. To understand the response of volcanic tuffs to thermal expansion, as well as to know their thermal expansion coefficient, thermal expansion test was performed on 12 representative tuffs of these localities. In the same way and to know which of their petrographic, petrophysical, mineralogical, and geochemical properties influence this phenomenon, several laboratory studies were carried out to determine which of these plays an important role in the expansion. The results of our tests showed that volcanic tuffs rocks have very varied thermal expansion values, ranging from 0.7 mm/m at their maximum expansion to even contraction in the order of ??0.5 mm/m. Equally varied were the thermal expansion coefficient values ranging from 10.1 to ??7.2 10^?6/K. The most dominant behavior type is the “anisotropic no residual strain behavior”. In general, the behavior of the tuffs in practically all the tests carried out showed a very important heterogeneity in the rocks; however, in spite of the non-homogeneous behavior of the tuffs, three main factors could be identified that play an important role in the thermal expansion of the studied rocks, the chemical composition, e.g., acid volcanic tuff rocks (rhyolitic composition) had greater expansions, while the more basic rocks (basaltic composition) expanded less, the textural and fabrics homogeneity, e.g., the most homogeneous rocks texturally have higher expansion values and the degree of crystallinity, and, e.g., the tuff rocks with the largest amount of glass showed smaller thermal expansions than the tuffs composed of microcrystals.  相似文献   

On the geoid–quasigeoid separation in mountain areas     

Jakob Flury  Reiner Rummel 《Journal of Geodesy》2009,83(9):829-847

The separation between the reference surfaces for orthometric heights and normal heights—the geoid and the quasigeoid—is typically in the order of a few decimeters but can reach nearly 3 m in extreme cases. The knowledge of the geoid–quasigeoid separation with centimeter accuracy or better, is essential for the realization of national and international height reference frames, and for precision height determination in geodetic engineering. The largest contribution to the geoid–quasigeoid separation is due to the distribution of topographic masses. We develop a compact formulation for the rigorous treatment of topographic masses and apply it to determine the geoid–quasigeoid separation for two test areas in the Alps with very rough topography, using a very fine grid resolution of 100 m. The magnitude of the geoid–quasigeoid separation and its accuracy, its slopes, roughness, and correlation with height are analyzed. Results show that rigorous treatment of topographic masses leads to a rather small geoid–quasigeoid separation—only 30 cm at the highest summit—while results based on approximations are often larger by several decimeters. The accuracy of the topographic contribution to the geoid–quasigeoid separation is estimated to be 2–3 cm for areas with extreme topography. Analysis of roughness of the geoid–quasigeoid separation shows that a resolution of the modeling grid of 200 m or less is required to achieve these accuracies. Gravity and the vertical gravity gradient inside of topographic masses and the mean gravity along the plumbline are modeled which are important intermediate quantities for the determination of the geoid–quasigeoid separation. We conclude that a consistent determination of the geoid and quasigeoid height reference surfaces within an accuracy of few centimeters is feasible even for areas with extreme topography, and that the concepts of orthometric height and normal height can be consistently realized and used within this level of accuracy.  相似文献   

The interdisciplinary role of space geodesy—Revisited     

Reiner Rummel 《Journal of Geodynamics》2010,49(3-4):112-115

In 1988 the interdisciplinary role of space geodesy has been discussed by a prominent group of leaders in the fields of geodesy and geophysics at an international workshop in Erice (Mueller and Zerbini, 1989). The workshop may be viewed as the starting point of a new era of geodesy as a discipline of Earth sciences. Since then enormous progress has been made in geodesy in terms of satellite and sensor systems, observation techniques, data processing, modelling and interpretation. The establishment of a Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) which is currently underway is a milestone in this respect. Wegener served as an important role model for the definition of GGOS. In turn, Wegener will benefit from becoming a regional entity of GGOS.What are the great challenges of the realisation of a 10^?9 global integrated observing system? Geodesy is potentially able to provide – in the narrow sense of the words – “metric and weight” to global studies of geo-processes. It certainly can meet this expectation if a number of fundamental challenges, related to issues such as the international embedding of GGOS, the realisation of further satellite missions and some open scientific questions can be solved. Geodesy is measurement driven. This is an important asset when trying to study the Earth as a system. However its guideline must be: “What are the right and most important observables to deal with the open scientific questions?”.  相似文献   

Proceedings of the 2^nd Hotine Marussi Symposium on Mathematical Geodesy
edited by F. Sacerdote—F. Sansò     

Athanasios Dermanis  Reiner Rummel 《Journal of Geodesy》1990,64(3):XI

InformationsPublication Available

Proceedings of the 2^nd Hotine Marussi Symposium on Mathematical Geodesy edited by F. Sacerdote—F. Sansò  相似文献   

那拉提山北缘寒武纪玄武岩的元素地球化学特征及构造意义   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3  

钱青徐守礼  何国琦Reiner KLEMD熊贤明  龙灵利高俊 《岩石学报》2007,23(7):1708-1720

我国西南天山地区那拉提北缘断裂北侧出露寒武纪（516.3±7.4Ma）橄榄拉斑玄武岩，其Al2O3（120.71％-14.14％）、P2O5（0.09％-0．21％）含量较低，TiO2（1.39％-2．35％）、MgO（5.35％-8.14％）含量中等，全Fe2O3（11.74％-16．03％）含量较高，球粒陨石标准化稀土分布型式平坦，（La／Sm）.和（Y／Nb）.比值接近1，为过渡型洋脊玄武岩（T-MORB）；并且Th／Ta比值（0．8—1.5）低，高场强元素（Nb，Ta，Zr，Hf，P）没有明显亏损，缺乏陆壳混染或俯冲带流体活动的印迹.部分T-MORB的Fe、Ti含量较高（FeO^T〉12％，TiO2〉2％，FeO^T／MgO〉1．75），Mg^#值（0．40—0.49）和Cr（53×10^-6-110×10^-6）含量较低，属于Fe-Ti玄武岩（ferrobasalt），应为岩浆依Fenner趋势发生较高程度结晶分离演化的产物，很可能形成于洋中脊的扩展型裂谷环境.我们认为，那拉提北缘寒武纪T-MORB和Fe-n玄武岩可能与境外吉尔吉斯斯坦境内北天山南缘的旱古生代Terskey蛇绿岩带相连，为Terskey蛇绿岩的残片；寒武纪我国境内发育Terskey洋.那拉提北缘断裂可能与尼古拉耶夫线相连，代表西南天山地区Terskey洋闭合形成的一条早古生代缝合带.  相似文献   

A model comparison in least squares collocation     

Reiner Rummel 《Journal of Geodesy》1976,50(2):181-192

The well known least squares collocation model (I) $$\ell = Ax + \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}c} O \\ I \\ \end{array} } \right]^T \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}c} s \\ {s' + n} \\ \end{array} } \right]$$ is compared with the model (II) $$\ell = Ax + \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}c} R \\ I \\ \end{array} } \right]^T \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}c} s \\ n \\ \end{array} } \right]$$ The basic differences of these two models in the framework of physical geodesy are pointed out by analyzing the validity of the equation $$s' = Rs$$ that transforms one model into the other, for different cases. For clarification purposes least squares filtering, prediction and collocation are discussed separately. In filtering problems the coefficient matrix R becomes the unit matrix and by this the two models become identical. For prediction and collocation problems the relation s′=Rs is only fulfilled in the global limit where s becomes either a continuous function on the earth or an intinite set of spherical harmonic coefficients. Applying Model (II), we see that for any finite dimension of s the operator equations of physical geodesy are approximated by a finite matrix relation whereas in Model (I) the operator equations are applied in their correct form on a continuous, approximate function \(\tilde s\) .  相似文献