德国4站点极端降水频数和强度趋势变化分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

杨靖文  孙即霖  Reiner Schlitzer 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2010,(Z1)

根据不莱梅、波茨坦、卡尔斯鲁厄和楚格峰1901—2007年逐日降水量分析了各站极端降水的频数和强度趋势变化。结果表明:山区(楚格峰)出现的极端降水数量呈上升趋势,且强度显著增强,在冬、夏2季亦如此。这与全球变暖背景下,山区的积雪融化导致对流活动增强以及大气环流影响水汽输送增强有关;在超过绝对阈值的极端降水方面,北方地区(不莱梅和波茨坦)发生频数保持稳定,无显著趋势变化,南方地区(卡尔斯鲁厄)有显著减少的趋势,且不莱梅的频数变化趋势与波茨坦相似,具有强正相关,而此2站与卡尔斯鲁厄的频数变化趋势呈反位相,有较强的负相关;除楚格峰外,极端降水强度变化无显著趋势。低海拔地区在冬季极端降水的频数和强度上,大部分有显著上升的趋势,而夏季,在2方面均出现不同程度的下降;极端降水频数和强度呈强正相关。  相似文献   

On the spectral consistency of the altimetric ocean and geoid surface: a one-dimensional example     

Alberta Albertella  Reiner Rummel 《Journal of Geodesy》2009,83(9):805-815

Geoid models from the new generation of satellite gravity missions, such as GRACE and GOCE, in combination with sea surface from satellite altimetry allow to obtain absolute dynamic ocean topography with rather high spatial resolution and accuracy. However, this implies combination of data with fundamentally different characteristics and different spatial resolutions. Spectral consistency would imply the removal of the short-scale features of the altimetric sea surface height by filtering, to provide altimetric data consistent with the resolution of the geoid field. The goal must be to lose as little as possible from the high precision of the altimetric signal. Using a one-dimensional example we show how the spectrum is changing when a function defined only on a limited domain (ocean in the real case) is extended or not as to cover the complete domain (the whole sphere in the real case). The results depend on the spectral characteristics of the altimetric signal and of the applied filter. Referring to the periodicity condition, as it is requested in the case of Fourier analysis, the action of the two classical filters (Ideal Low Pass and Gauss filter) and of two alternative procedures (wavelets and Slepian) is studied.  相似文献   

OH in zoned amphiboles of eclogite from the western Tianshan,NW-China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Wen Su  Ming Zhang  Simon A. T. Redfern  Jun Gao  Reiner Klemd 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2009,98(6):1299-1309

Chemically-zoned amphibole porphyroblast grains in an eclogite (sample ws24-7) from the western Tianshan (NW-China) have been analyzed by electron microprobe (EMP), micro Fourier-transform infrared (micro-FTIR) and micro-Raman spectroscopy in the OH-stretching region. The EMP data reveal zoned amphibole compositions clustering around two predominant compositions: a glaucophane end-member ( ^B Na₂ ^C M²⁺ ₃ M³⁺ ₂ ^T Si₈(OH)₂) in the cores, whereas the mantle to rim of the samples has an intermediate amphibole composition ( ^A _0.5 ^B Ca_1.5Na_0.5 ^C M ²⁺ _4.5 M _0.5^{3+ T} Si_7.5Al_0.5(OH)₂) (A = Na and/or K; M ²⁺ = Mg and Fe²⁺; M ³⁺ = Fe³⁺ and/or Al) between winchite (and ferro-winchite) and katophorite (and Mg-katophorite). Furthermore, we observed complicated FTIR and Raman spectra with OH-stretching absorption bands varying systematically from core to rim. The FTIR/Raman spectra of the core amphibole show three lower-frequency components (at 3,633, 3,649–3,651 and 3,660–3,663 cm⁻¹) which can be attributed to a local O(3)-H dipole surrounded by ^{M(1) M(3)}Mg₃, ^{M(1) M(3)}Mg₂Fe²⁺ and ^{M(1) M(3)} Fe²⁺ ₃, respectively, an empty A site and ^T Si₈ environments. On the other hand, bands at higher frequencies (3,672–3,673, 3,691–3,697 and 3,708 cm⁻¹) are observable in the rims of the amphiboles, and they indicate the presence of an occupied A site. The FTIR and Raman data from the OH-stretching region allow us to calculate the site occupancy of the A, M(1)–M(3), T sites with confidence when combined with EPM data. By contrast M(2)- and M(4) site occupancies are more difficult to evaluate. We use these samples to highlight on the opportunities and limitations of FTIR OH-stretching spectroscopy applied to natural high pressure amphibole phases. The much more detailed cation site occupancy of the zoned amphibole from the western Tianshan have been obtained by comparing data from micro-chemical and FTIR and/or Raman in the OH-stretching data. We find the following characteristic substitutions Si(T-site) (Mg, Fe)[M(1)–M(3)-site] → Al(T-site) Al[M(1)–M(3)-site] (tschermakite), Ca(M4-site)□ (A-site) → Na(M4-site) Na + K(A-site) (richterite), and Ca(M4-site) (Mg, Fe) [M(1)–M(3)-site] → Na(M4-site) Al[M(1)–M(3)-site] (glaucophane) from the configurations observed during metamorphism.  相似文献   

On the computation of the geoid–quasigeoid separation     

Jakob Flury  Reiner Rummel 《Journal of Geodesy》2011,85(3):185-186

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Carbonate recrystallisation and organic matter maturation in heat-affected sediments from the Shaban Deep,Red Sea     

Reiner Botz  Mark Schmidt  Jolanta Kus  Christian Ostertag-Henning  Axel Ehrhardt  Nazli Olgun  Dieter Garbe-Schönberg  Jan Scholten 《Chemical Geology》2011,280(1-2):126-143

Parasound profiles across the Shaban Deep in the Red Sea indicate turbiditic transport of surface sediments from the topographic height (basalt ridge) into the interior of the deep. This is supported by petrographical and (isotope-) geochemical evidence in the East Basin of the Shaban Deep where the presence of variable mixtures of authochtonous and allochthonous sediment compounds had been found.The uppermost 170 cm of both sediment cores 17008-1 and 17009-3 reveal “normal” stable oxygen isotope values for the planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber near ?1‰ which is indicative for carbonate formation in Red Sea surface water around 27 °C. However, below 182 cm in core 17008-1 highly variable δ ¹⁸O values for G. ruber between 0.26 and ?10.68‰ occur which are not the result of temperature-controlled oxygen isotope fractionation between foraminiferal carbonate and Red Sea surface water. The lowest δ¹⁸O values of ?10.68‰ measured for highly-altered foraminifera shells suggests carbonate precipitation higher than 90 °C.Organic petrographical observations show a great diversity of marine-derived macerals and terrigenous organic particles. Based on petrographical investigations sediment core 17008-1 can be subdivided in intervals predominantly of authochtonous character (i.e. 1, 3, 5 corresponding to core depths 0–170 cm, 370–415 cm, 69–136 cm), and allochthonous/thermally altered character (e.g. 2 and 4 corresponding to core depths 189–353 cm and 515–671 cm). Allochthonous/thermally altered material displays a wide to an extremely wide range of maturities (0.38–1.42% R_r) and also natural coke particles were found.Similarly, the organic geochemical and pyrolysis data indicate the predominance of well-preserved, immature algal and bacterial remains with a minor contribution of land plant material. Sediments below 170 cm (core 17008-1) contain contributions of re-sedimented pre-heated material most likely from the area of the basaltic ridge. This is documented by individual coke particles reduced hydrogen indices and elevated T_max values up to 440 °C.An “oil-type” contribution (evidenced by mature biomarkers, hopene/hopane ratios, elevated background fluorescence, n-alkane distribution) is also present in the sediments which most likely originated at greater depth and impregnated the surface sediments.The heat source responsible for recrystallisation of foraminiferal carbonate and maturation of organic particles in Shaban Deep sediments most likely is attributed to modern basalt extrusions which now separate the Shaban Deep subbasins.  相似文献   

The baryte-bearing beryl-phosphate pegmatite Plössberg—A missing link between pegmatitic and vein-type barium mineralization in NE Bavaria, Germany     

Harald G. Dill  Berthold Weber  Reiner Botz 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2011,71(4):377-387

Pegmatites and aplites enriched in P, Be, Nb, Ta and Li occur in the high-temperature metamorphic lithological units of the NE Bavarian Basement, SE Germany. They are accompanied by Ba mineralization, in vein-type deposits in the basement as well as in its foreland. Locally, Ba minerals are encountered in the late Variscan pegmatites and aplites too. The shallow discordant stock-like pegmatites (Hagendorf-type) are barren as to Ba, but in the tabular, concordant aplites and pegmatites Ba was concentrated (Plössberg-type). These concordant pegmatites and aplites are supposed to be the root zone of the intrusive pegmatites. In the rare case of low sulfur fugacity, Ba forms Ba–Zr–K–Sc phosphates/silicates in the pegmatites (transition of magmatic into the hydrothermal stages I/II). Under high sulfur fugacity, Ba is accommodated within the same stages in the structure of baryte. Barium is not accommodated in the lattice of phosphates during or in the immediate aftermaths of the emplacement of these Be–P–Nb–Ta pegmatites (stage III). This element shows up again in APS minerals during supergene alteration under acidic conditions (stage IV). Considering the host rocks of baryte mineralization, the Sr contents of baryte increased from the early Paleozoic to the Late Triassic. The Sr contents of baryte are a function of the depth below ground in the vein-type deposits and in the shear-zones bounding the tabular concordant pegmatites. Beryl is not only a marker mineral for the shear-zone-hosted pegmatites but can also be used as a tool for the geodynamic positioning of these pegmatites using its oxygen isotopes. A subdivision of the pegmatites into intrusive and shear-zone hosted may be achieved by its REE and minor elements.  相似文献   

Moisture expansion as a deterioration factor for sandstone used in buildings   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

Joerg Ruedrich  Tobias Bartelsen  Reiner Dohrmann  Siegfried Siegesmund 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,63(7-8):1545-1564

The expansion processes that develop in building stones upon changes of moisture content may be an important contributing factor for their deteriorations. Until recently, few data could be found in the literature concerning this parameter and weathering processes. Moreover, the processes that may be responsible for the moisture related expansion of natural building stones are not yet completely understood. To further elucidate this process, extensive mineralogical, petrophysical and fabric investigations were performed on eight German sandstones in order to obtain more information regarding the weathering process and its dependence on the rock fabric. The analysed sandstones show a wide range of pore size distributions and porosities. A positive correlation with the fabric and the pore space can be found for all studied petrophysical parameters. The intensity of the expansion and related swelling pressure cannot be attributed only to the swelling of clay minerals. The investigations suggest that the micropores and the resulting disjoining pressure during wet/dry cycles also play an important role. The results obtained suggest that the mechanism is related to the presence of liquid water within the porous material.  相似文献   

Moisture expansion associated to secondary porosity: an example of the Loseros Tuff of Guanajuato, Mexico   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

Rubén López-Doncel  Wanja Wedekind  Reiner Dohrmann  Siegfried Siegesmund 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,69(4):1189-1201

The old mining city of Guanajuato in middle Mexico preserves one of the most important historical legacies in colonial buildings, the UNESCO declared the city World Heritage Site in 1988. Practically all the colonial constructions were built with natural stones from the neighbourhood, of which stands a greenish to reddish vulcanite, called Loseros Tuff. Although the Loseros Tuff is widely used in historical buildings in the city. It shows significant deterioration and weathering effects, principally in the parts where the tuff shows a coarse grain size. The petrographic, petrophysical, mineralogical and geochemical properties of the Loseros Tuff were analysed in order to determine the causes, effects, behaviour and response to deterioration of this volcanic rock. The results of the investigations suggest that in addition to the parameters like the grain size and the porosity properties, the pore radii distribution is decisive for the effectiveness of porosity and the water transport into the rock. It is recognized that once the liquid water invades the rock the dissolution of the matrix occurs, which is accompanied by a sudden moisture expansion favoured by the newly formed secondary porosity and the high content of expandable clay minerals.  相似文献   

A Highly Circularly Polarized Solar Radio Emission Component Observed at Hectometric Wavelengths     

M. J. Reiner  M. L. Kaiser  J. Fainberg  J. -L. Bougeret 《Solar physics》2006,234(2):301-324

We report here the observation of a rare solar radio event at hectometric wavelengths that was characterized by essentially 100% circularly polarized radiation and that was observed continuously for about six days, from May 17 to 23, 2002. This was the first time that a solar source with significantly polarized radiation was detected by the WAVES experiment on the Wind spacecraft. From May 19 to 22, the intense polarized radio emissions were characterized by quasi-periodic intensity variations with periods from one to two hours and with superposed drifting, narrowband, fine structures. The bandwidth of this radiation extended from about 400 kHz to 7 MHz, and the peak frequency of the frequency spectrum slowly decreased from 2 MHz to about 0.8 MHz over the course of four days. The radio source, at each frequency, was observed to slowly drift from east to west about the Sun, as viewed from the Earth and was estimated to lie between 26 and 82R_⊙ (R_⊙ = 696 000 km). We speculate that this unusual event may represent an interplanetary manifestation of a moving type IV burst and discuss possible radio emission mechanisms. The ISEE-3 spacecraft may possibly have detected a similar event some 26 years ago.  相似文献   

Phase relationships in grunerite–garnet-bearing amphibolites in the system CFMASH, with applications to metamorphic rocks from the Central Zone of the Limpopo Belt, South Africa     

A. ZEH  T. J. B. HOLLAND  & R. KLEMD 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2005,23(1):1-17

A petrogenetic grid in the model system CaO–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O is presented, illustrating the phase relationships among the minerals grunerite, hornblende, garnet, clinopyroxene, chlorite, olivine, anorthite, zoisite and aluminosilicates, with quartz and H₂O in excess. The grid was calculated with the computer software thermocalc , using an upgraded version of the internally consistent thermodynamic dataset HP98 and non‐ideal mixing activity models for all solid solutions. From this grid, quantitative phase diagrams (P–T pseudosections) are derived and employed to infer a P–T path for grunerite–garnet‐bearing amphibolites from the Endora Klippe, part of the Venetia Klippen Complex within the Central Zone of the Limpopo Belt. Agreement between calculated and observed mineral assemblages and garnet zonation indicates that this part of the Central Zone underwent a prograde temperature and pressure increase from c. 540 °C/4.5 kbar to 650 °C/6.5 kbar, followed by a post‐peak metamorphic pressure decrease. The inferred P–T path supports a geotectonic model suggesting that the area surrounding the Venetia kimberlite pipes represents the amphibolite‐facies roof zone of migmatitic gneisses and granulites that occur widely within the Central Zone. In addition, the P–T path conforms to an interpretation that the Proterozoic evolution of the Central Zone was controlled by horizontal tectonics, causing stacking and differential heating at c. 2.0 Ga.  相似文献