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181.
The coupled hydro‐mechanical state in soils coming from consolidation/subsidence processes and undergoing plasticity phenomena is here evaluated by means of the subloading surface model. The most important feature of this theory is the abolition of the distinction between the elastic and plastic domains, as it happens in the conventional elastoplastic models. This means that plastic deformations are generated whenever there is a change in stress and a smoother elastoplastic transition is produced. The plasticity algorithm has been implemented in the PLASCON3D FE code, coupling hydro‐thermo‐mechanical fields within a saturated (locally partially saturated) porous medium subjected to external loads and water/gas withdrawals from deep layers (aquifers/reservoirs). The 3D model has been first calibrated and validated against examples taken from the literature, and then subsidence analyses at regional scales due to gas extractions have been developed to predict the evolution of settlements and pore pressure in soils for long‐term scenarios. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
182.
Riccardo Brunino Ignacio Trujillo Frazer R. Pearce Peter A. Thomas 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,375(1):184-190
Using the Millennium N -body Simulation we explore how the shape and angular momentum of galaxy dark matter haloes surrounding the largest cosmological voids are oriented. We find that the major and intermediate axes of the haloes tend to lie parallel to the surface of the voids, whereas the minor axis points preferentially in the radial direction. We have quantified the strength of these alignments at different radial distances from the void centres. The effect of these orientations is still detected at distances as large as 2.2 R void from the void centre. Taking a subsample of haloes expected to contain disc-dominated galaxies at their centres we detect, at the 99.9 per cent confidence level, a signal that the angular momentum of those haloes tends to lie parallel to the surface of the voids. Contrary to the alignments of the inertia axes, this signal is only detected in shells at the void surface (1 < R < 1.07 R void ) and disappears at larger distances. This signal, together with the similar alignment observed using real spiral galaxies, strongly supports the prediction of the Tidal Torque theory that both dark matter haloes and baryonic matter have acquired, conjointly, their angular momentum before the moment of turnaround. 相似文献
183.
Hydrogeochemical surveys were carried out in SW Sardinia (Italy) to investigate the impact of past mining activities on the quality of groundwater. The chemistry of waters from flooded galleries, adits and dumps has been compared with that of springs and wells in the same area at sites relatively far from any mine legacy. A feature, common to all waters, is the circumneutral pH, since the carbonate formations in the area neutralise the acidity produced by the oxidation of Fe-bearing sulphide minerals in the mine impacted water. However, groundwater interacting with mine workings is degraded in quality; it shows high dissolved SO4, Zn, Cd and Pb contents. In some cases groundwater exceeds the limit established by the guidelines of the World Health Organization for Pb content in drinking water, so that groundwater is mixed before entering the local aqueducts. Results from this study suggest that more attention needs to be paid to the impact on the streams from contaminated water flowing out from some mine areas because during the dry season these streams are only fed by mine groundwater. We recommend focusing efforts to reduce the chemical contamination prior to discharge. 相似文献
184.
Fabrizio Murgia Riccardo Biddau Alessandro Concas Roberto Demontis Luca Fanfani Zeno Heilmann Cristian Lai Giuditta Lecca Eva Lorrai Marino Marrocu Vittorio Alessandro Marrone Laura Muscas Elisaveta Peneva Andrea Piras Massimo Pisu Gabriella Pusceddu Guido Satta Daniela Theis Andrea Vacca Paolo Valera Ana Melina Vallenilla Ferrara Ernesto Bonomi 《Earth Science Informatics》2009,2(1-2):5-21
GRIDA3 (Shared Resources Manager for Environmental Data Analysis and Applications) is a multidisciplinary project designed to deliver an integrated system to forge solutions to some environmental challenges such as the constant increase of polluted sites, the sustainability of natural resources usage and the forecast of extreme meteorological events. The GRIDA3 portal is mainly based on Web 2.0 technologies and EnginFrame framework. The portal, now at an advanced stage of development, provides end-users with intuitive Web-interfaces and tools that simplify job submission to the underneath computing resources. The framework manages the user authentication and authorization, then controls the action and job execution into the grid computing environment, collects the results and transforms them into an useful format on the client side. The GRIDA3 Portal framework will provide a problem-solving platform allowing, through appropriate access policies, the integration and the sharing of skills, resources and tools located at multiple sites across federated domains. 相似文献
185.
186.
The evolution of a barrier island and its stratigraphic architecture is investigated with the numerical model BIT (barrier island translation). The model simulates, with simplified equations, the effects of various processes (wind waves, storm surges, sea-level oscillations) on sediment location and characteristics. The presented formulation is able to reproduce both the cross-shore profile and the distribution of sediment facies in time. 相似文献
187.
Giorgio Rivalenti Maurizio Mazzucchelli Vicente A.V. Girardi Riccardo Vannucci M. Adelaide Barbieri Alberto Zanetti Steve L. Goldstein 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2000,138(4):308-325
Spinel–peridotite facies mantle xenoliths in Cenozoic alkali basalts of the Pico Cabuji volcano (Rio Grande do Norte State,
Northeast Brazil) and the adjacent South Atlantic oceanic island of Fernando de Noronha are studied for: (1) the information
they provide on the composition of the lithospheric component in the erupted basalt geochemistry, and (2) to check the effects
of the Fernando de Noronha plume track on the mantle lithosphere. Xenoliths from Pico Cabuji are protogranular lherzolites
and porphyroclastic harzburgites recording average equilibrium temperatures of 825 ± 116 and 1248 ± 19 °C, respectively. Pressure
in the porphyroclastic xenoliths ranges from 1.9 to 2.7 GPa (Ca-in-olivine geobarometer). Both groups show major element chemical
variation trends in whole-rock and Ti and HREE (Er, Yb) variations in clinopyroxene consistent with fractional melting and
basalt extraction. REE (rare earth element) profiles of clinopyroxenes vary from LREE (La, Ce) enriched (spoon shaped) to
LREE depleted in the protogranular group, whereas they are slightly convex upward in most porphyroclastic clinopyroxenes.
HFSE (Ti and Zr) negative anomalies are in general modest in the clinopyroxenes of both groups. Xenoliths from Fernando de
Noronha have textural variations similar to those of Pico Cabuji. Protogranular and porphyroclastic samples have similar temperature
(1035 ± 80 °C) and the pressure is 1–1.9 and 2.3 GPa, respectively. Whole-rock chemical variation trends overlap and extend
further than those of Pico Cabuji. The trace element profiles of the clinopyroxenes of the porphyroclastic xenoliths are enriched
in La up to 30 × PM and are smoothly fractionated from LREE to HREE, with deep, negative, Zr and Ti anomalies. The geochemical
heterogeneities of the xenoliths from both localities are interpreted in terms of reactive porous percolation. The porphyroclastic
xenoliths from Pico Cabuji represent the lower part of a mantle column (the head of a mantle diapir, at the transition conductive–adiabatic
mantle), where OIB infiltration triggers melting, and the protogranular xenoliths the top of the mantle column, chromatographically
enriched by percolation at a low melt/rock ratio. This interpretation may also apply for Fernando de Noronha, but the different
geochemical signature recorded by the clinopyroxenes requires a different composition of the infiltrated melt. Nd and Sr isotopes
of the Pico Cabuji porphyroclastic clinopyroxenes (143Nd/144Nd= 0.51339–0.51255, 87Sr/86Sr=0.70275–0.70319) and of Fernando de Noronha (143Nd/144Nd=0.51323–0.51285, 87Sr/86Sr=0.70323–0.70465) plot on distinct arrays originating from a similar, isotopically depleted composition and trending to
low Nd–low Sr (EMI) and low Nd–high Sr (EMII), respectively. Correlation of the isotope variation with geochemical parameters
indicates that the isotopic variation was induced by the metasomatic component, of EMI type at Pico Cabuji and of EMII type
at Fernando de Noronha. These different components enriched a lithosphere isotopically similar to DMM (depleted MORB mantle)
at both localities. At Fernando de Noronha, the isotopic signature of the metasomatic component is similar to that of the
∼ 8 Ma old lavas of the Remedios Formation, suggesting that this is the age of metasomatism. At Pico Cabuji, the mantle xenoliths
do not record the high 87Sr/86Sr component present in the basalts. We speculate that the EMII component derives from a lithospheric reservoir, which was
not thermally affected during mantle metasomatism at Pico Cabuji, but was mobilized by the hotspot thermal influence at Fernando
de Noronha. This interpretation provides a plausible explanation for the presence of distinct metasomatic components at the
two localities, which would be difficult to reconcile with their genetic relationship with the same plume.
Received: 12 June 1999 / Accepted: 13 December 1999 相似文献
188.
Mariarosaria Manzo Yuri Fialko Francesco Casu Antonio Pepe Riccardo Lanari 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2012,169(8):1463-1482
We investigate the capabilities and limitations of the Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) techniques, in particular of the Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) approach, to measure surface deformation in active seismogenetic areas. The DInSAR analysis of low-amplitude, long-wavelength deformation, such as that due to interseismic strain accumulation, is limited by intrinsic trade-offs between deformation signals and orbital uncertainties of SAR platforms in their contributions to the interferometric phases, the latter being typically well approximated by phase ramps. Such trade-offs can be substantially reduced by employing auxiliary measurements of the long-wavelength velocity field. We use continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements from a properly distributed set of stations to perform a pre-filtering operation of the available DInSAR interferograms. In particular, the GPS measurements are used to estimate the secular velocity signal, approximated by a spatial ramp within the azimuth-range radar imaging plane; the phase ramps derived from the GPS data are then subtracted from the available set of DInSAR interferograms. This pre-filtering step allows us to compensate for the major component of the long-wavelength range change that, within the SBAS procedure, might be wrongly interpreted and filtered out as orbital phase ramps. With this correction, the final results are obtained by simply adding the pre-filtered long-wavelength deformation signal to the SBAS retrieved time series. The proposed approach has been applied to a set of ERS-1/2 SAR data acquired during the 1992–2006 time interval over a 200?×?200?km area around the Coachella Valley section of the San Andreas Fault in Southern California, USA. We present results of the comparison between the SBAS and the Line Of Sight (LOS)—projected GPS time series of the USGC/PBO network, as well as the mean LOS velocity fields derived using SBAS, GPS and stacking techniques. Our analysis demonstrates the effectiveness of the presented approach and provides a quantitative assessment of the accuracy of DInSAR measurements of interseismic deformation in a tectonically active area. 相似文献
189.
A note on 10Be‐derived mean erosion rates in catchments with heterogeneous lithology: examples from the western Central Andes
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Sebastien Carretier Vincent Regard Riccardo Vassallo Joseph Martinod Frederic Christophoul Eric Gayer Laurence Audin Christelle Lagane 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(13):1719-1729
Millennial catchment–mean erosion rates derived from terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides are generally based on the assumption that the lithologies of the parent rock each contain the same proportion of quartz. This is not always true for large catchments, in particular at the edge of mountainous plateaus where quartz‐rich basement rocks may adjoin sedimentary or volcano‐sedimentary rocks with low quartz content. The western Central Andes is an example of this type of situation. Different quartz contents may be taken into account by weighting the TCN production rates in the catchment. We recall the underlying theory and show that weighting the TCN production rate may also lead to bias in the case of a spatial correlation between erosion rate and lithology. We illustrate the difference between weighted and unweighted erosion rates for seven catchments (16 samples) in southern Peru and northern Chile and show variations up to a factor of 2 between both approaches. In this dataset, calculated erosion rates considering only granitoid outcrops are better correlated with catchment mean slopes than those obtained without taking into account the geological heterogeneity of the drained watershed. This dataset analysis demonstrates that weighting erosion rates by relative proportions of quartz is necessary to evaluate the uncertainties for calculated catchment–mean erosion rates and may reveal the correlation with geomorphic parameters. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
190.
Mauro Mele Silvia Inzoli Mauro Giudici Riccardo Bersezio 《Geophysical Prospecting》2014,62(3):631-645
Electrical conductivity of alluvial sediments depends on litho‐textural properties, fluid saturation and porewater conductivity. Therefore, for hydrostratigraphic applications of direct current resistivity methods in porous sedimentary aquifers, it can be useful to characterize the prevailing mechanisms of electrical conduction (electrolytic or shale conduction) according to the litho‐textural properties and to the porewater characteristics. An experimental device and a measurement protocol were developed and applied to collect data on eight samples of alluvial sediments from the Po plain (Northern Italy), characterized by different grain‐size distribution, and fully saturated with porewater of variable conductivity. The bulk electrical conductivities obtained with the laboratory tests were interpreted with a classical two‐component model, which requires the identification of the intrinsic conductivity of clay particles and the effective porosity for each sample, and with a three‐component model. The latter is based on the two endmember mechanisms, surface and electrolytic conduction, but takes into account also the interaction between dissolved ions in the pores and the fluid‐grain interface. The experimental data and their interpretation with the phenomenological models show that the volumetric ratio between coarse and fine grains is a simple but effective parameter to determine the electrical behaviour of clastic hydrofacies at the scale of the representative elementary volume. 相似文献