Predicting river water quality index using data mining techniques     

Richa Babbar  Sakshi Babbar 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2017,76(14):504

This paper demonstrates the application of data mining techniques to predict river water quality index. The usefulness of these techniques lies in the automated extraction of novel knowledge from the data to improve decision-making. The popular classification techniques, namely k-nearest neighbor, decision trees, Naive Bayes, artificial neural networks, rule-based and support vector machines were used to develop the predictive environment to classify water quality into understandable terms based on the Overall Index of Pollution. Experimentation was conducted on two types of data sets: synthetic and real. A repeated k-fold cross-validation procedure was followed to design the learning and testing frameworks of the predictive environment. Based on the validation results, it was found that the error rate in defining the true water quality class was 20 and 28%, 11 and 24%, 1 and 38% and 10 and 20% for the k-nearest neighbor, Naive Bayes, artificial neural network and rule-based classifiers for synthetic and real data sets, respectively. The decision tree and support vector machines classifiers were found to be the best predictive models with 0% error rates during automated extraction of the water quality class. This study reveals that data mining techniques have the potential to quickly predict water quality class, provided data given are a true representation of the domain knowledge.  相似文献   

Detection and delineation of glacial lakes and identification of potentially dangerous lakes of Dhauliganga basin in the Himalaya by remote sensing techniques     

Lalan Kumar Jha  Deepak Khare 《Natural Hazards》2017,85(1):301-327

Glaciers are retreating and thinning in the high altitude of the Himalayas due to global warming, causing into formation of numerous glacial lakes. It is necessary to monitor these glacial lakes consistently to save properties and lives downstream from probable disastrous glacial lake outburst flood. In this study, image processing software ArcGIS and ERDAS Imagine have been used to analyse multispectral image obtained by Earth resource satellite Landsat for delineating the glacial lakes with the help of image enhancement technique like NDWI. Landsat data since 1972 through 2013 have been used and maximum seven glacial lakes (L1–L7) have been detected and delineated in Dhauliganga catchment, they are situated above 4000 masl. The Glacial Lake L2 (Lat 30°26′45″E and Long 80°23′16″N) is the largest whose surface area was 132,300 m² in Sept 2009, and L6 (Lat 30°23′27″E and Long 80°31′52″N) is highly unstable with variation rate ?55 to +145 % with increasing trend. Additionally, glacial lakes L2 (Lat 30°26′45″E and Long 80°23′16″N) and L6 (Lat 30°23′27″E and Long 80°31′52″N) have been identified as potentially hazardous. These lakes may probably burst; as a result, huge reserve of water and debris may be released all on a sudden. This may transform into hazardous flash flood in downstream causing loss of lives, as well as the destruction of houses, bridges, fields, forests, hydropower stations, roads, etc. It is to note that Dhauliganga river considered in this study is a tributary of Kaliganga river, and should not be confused with its namesake the Dhauliganga river, which is a tributary of Alaknanda river.  相似文献   

Textural characteristics,distribution pattern and provenance of heavy minerals in glacial sediments of Schirmacher Oasis,east Antarctica     

Ashok K. Srivastava  Pravin S. Ingle  Neloy Khare 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2010,75(2):393-402

Heavy minerals of twenty sediment samples, belonging to polar ice sheet, lake, mainland area and shelf region of Schirmacher Oasis, east Antarctica, have been studied for their textural characteristics, abundance and provenance determination. The heavy crop is represented by zircon, tourmaline, rutile, garnet, hypersthene, hornblende, chlorite, enstatite, lawsonite, kyanite, sillimanite, zoisite, andalusite, spinel, topaz and opaques. The assemblage, in general, is dominated by hornblende-hypersthene-garnet assemblage, followed by kyanite-sillimanite-andalusite and zircontourmaline-rutile. The high concentration of specific minerals of metamorphic origin reveals high-grade metamorphic terrain as the primary source. The ZTR ratio is low showing low mineralogical maturity. An attempt has also been made to compare the trends of heavy minerals of various sub glacial regions with those of the average values of entire area.  相似文献   

Characterization of Organic Acids in Dew Collected on Surrogate Surfaces     

Puja Khare  S. P. Singh  K. Maharaj Kumari  Ashok Kumar  S. S. Srivastava 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2000,37(3):231-244

Levels of formate and acetate in dew were measured at Dayalbagh, India, usingsurrogate surfaces. The dew formed per night ranged between 0.06 lm^–2 and 1.38 l m^–2, with an average of 0.59l m^–2. pH ranged between 6.7 and 7.4. Mean concentrations offormate and acetate in dew were 10.2 ± 10.2 eql^–1 and 7.5 ± 4.5 eq l^–1,respectively. The correlation coefficient between the two ions was 0.80 (p =0.001), which suggested that concentrations of these species in dew are linkedtogether. They have either common or different sources with fairly constantstrengths or products of same reaction. Good correlation of formate andacetate with Ca (r = 0.82 and r = 0.70, respectively) and Mg (r = 0.74 and r= 0.71, respectively) suggested that these ions may be associated with Ca andMg after the neutralization process. Deposition rates for formate and acetatein dew per night were 10.2 ± 7.22 mol m^–2 pernight and 4.6 ± 2.2 mol m^–2 per night,respectively. The theoretical Henry's law constant (K^* _H)and the field-observed Henry's law coefficient (K^* _H) ascalculated from concurrent measurements of gas phase and dew for both acidsshowed large discrepancies of three orders of magnitude.  相似文献   

Fractal Dimension of the 1999 Chamoli Earthquake from Aftershock Studies in Garhwal Himalaya     

Richa?JainEmail author  B. K.?Rastogi  V. P.?Dimri 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2003,160(12):2329-2341

The Aftershock sequence of Chamoli earthquake (M _w 6.4) of 29 March 1999 is analyzed to study the fractal structure in space, time and magnitude distribution. The b value is found to be 0.63 less than which is usually observed worldwide and in the Himalayas. This indicates that the numbers of smaller earthquakes are relatively less than the larger ones. The spatial correlation is 1.64, indicating that events are approaching a two-dimensional region meaning that the aftershocks are uniformly distributed along the trend of the aftershock zone. Temporal correlation is 0.86 for aftershocks of M 1, indicating a nearly continuous aftershock activity. However, it is 0.5 for aftershocks of M 1.75, indicating a non continuous aftershock activity. From the assessment of slip on different faults it is inferred that 70% displacement is accommodated on the primary fault and the remainder on secondary faults.  相似文献   

Neutrino degeneracy and the primordial abundance of helium and deuterium     

Pushpa Khare  B. B. Deo 《Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy》1983,4(4):301-306

Recent observations indicate that the primordial abundance of⁴He could be smaller than 0.24. It may then be necessary to invoke neutrino degeneracy in the early universe to explain the primordial abundances of helium and deuterium. It is shown here that the necessary degeneracy, though small, gives rise to a large asymmetry between the present number densities of neutrinos and antineutrinos. The effect of degeneracy on the upper limit to the neutrino masses is also considered.  相似文献   

Impact assessment of climate change on future soil erosion and SOC loss     

Arun Mondal  Deepak Khare  Sananda Kundu 《Natural Hazards》2016,80(3):1515-1537

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Formate and acetate levels compared in monsoon and winter rainwater at Dayalbagh, Agra (India)     

Nandini Kumar  U. C. Kulshrestha  A. Saxena  P. Khare  K. M. Kumari  S. S. Srivastava 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1996,23(1):81-87

A total of 59 rainwater samples were collected during the winter and monsoon (1991–92) at Dayalbagh, Agra. This site is relatively free from the influence of anthropogenic emissions and the volume-weighted average concentrations (VWA) of formate in the winter and monsoon were 22.5±6, 16.1±3 while acetate VWAs were 17.1±5 and 13.8±3 mol l^-1, respectively. Although the VWAs varied between seasons, it was not statistically different. Total deposition (in mmol m^-2) varied between season (winter formate, 1.4; acetate, 1.1; monsoon formate, 7.4; acetate, 6.4). A difference in VWA values may have occurred as a result of the dilution factor; the total rain depth from collected samples in the monsoon was 46 cm while that in winter was 6.3 cm. Sources at this site may be anthropogenic and natural; scavenging from the vapour phase, washout of soil particles and emissions from vegetative sources are probably important sources for formate and acetate.  相似文献   

Optical properties of some terrestrial rocks and glasses     

James B. Pollack  Owen B. Toon  Bishun N. Khare 《Icarus》1973,19(3):372-389

The optical constants of five naturally occurring rocks have been determined in the spectral range between 0.2 and .50 μm. Between 0.2 and 5 μm, the real and imaginary parts of the index of refraction were found from a combination of reflectivity and transmission measurements by using Beer's law and the Fresnel reflectivity equation. At wavelenths beyond 5 μm only reflectivity measurements could be made and both constants were found from an application of classical dispersion theory. These optical constants will be valuable for studies of the interaction of light with rock surfaces, atmospheric dust and interplanetary and interstellar dust grains.  相似文献   

Can benthic foraminiferal morpho-groups be used as indicators of paleomonsoonal precipitation?     

Rajiv Nigam  Neloy Khare  D.V. Borole 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1992,34(6)

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