Recent developments in uranium exploration using the U.S. geological survey's mobile helium detector     

G.M. Reimer  E.H. Denton  Irving Friedman  J.K. Otton 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》1979,11(1):1-12

A mobile mass spectrometer to measure He concentrations has been developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. This instrument has been tested in areas of known uranium deposits, and He anomalies have been found in both soil gas and water. A gas sample is collected in a hypodermic syringe, injected into the spectrometer, and analyzed for He. Over 100 analyses a day can be performed with a sensitivity of 10 parts per billion (ppb). One detailed study conducted in Weld County, Colorado, shows that values for He in soil gas can be contoured to outline an anomalous area and that the anomaly is displaced from the deposit in the direction of groundwater flow. Other studies include the Schwartzwalder uranium mine, Jefferson County, Colorado, where He anomalies may be related to geologic structure; near Ambrosia Lake, New Mexico, where the location of He anomalies are related to groundwater movement; and tests for diurnal effects showing only slight variations probably related to soil-moisture content.  相似文献   

    

P. A. Friedman 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1987,137(1):189

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Book reviews     

J. O. Maos  Richard F. Logan  Gerald M. Friedman  Richard F. Logan 《GeoJournal》1979,3(1):111-112

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Isotopic evidence of Holocene climatic change in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado     

Irving Friedman  Paul Carrara  Jim Gleason 《Quaternary Research》1988,30(3)

The δD of cellulose from ¹⁴C-dated wood, collected in the San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado, decreased by about 45‰ from 9600 to 3100 yr B.P. and an additional 25‰ to the present. The wood samples are from trees that grew above present-day tree line and reflect a time of warmer average summer temperatures. These changes in δD are interpreted to indicate a major change during the Holocene in the sources of moisture, in the seasonality of precipitation, or in both.  相似文献   

Gas and hydrogen isotopic analyses of volcanic eruption clouds in Guatemala sampled by aircraft     

William I. Rose Jr.  Richard D. Cadle  Leroy E. Heidt  Irving Friedman  Allen L. Lazrus  Barry J. Huebert   《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1980,7(1-2)

Gas samples were collected by aircraft entering volcanic eruption clouds of three Guatemalan volcanoes. Gas chromatographic analyses show higher H₂ and S gas contents in ash eruption clouds and lower H₂ and S gases in vaporous gas plumes. H isotopic data demonstrate lighter isotopic distribution of water vapor in ash eruption clouds than in vaporous gas plumes. Most of the H₂O in the vaporous plumes is probably meteoric. The data are the first direct gas analyses of explosive eruptive clouds, and demonstrate that, in spite of atmospheric admixture, useful compositional information on eruptive gases can be obtained using aircraft.  相似文献   

Chloride flux out of Yellowstone National Park     

Daniel R. Norton  Irving Friedman 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1985,26(3-4)

Monitoring of the chloride concentration, electrical conductivity, and discharge was carried out for the four major rivers of Yellowstone National Park from September 1982 to January 1984. Chloride flux out of the Park was determined from the measured values of chloride concentration and discharge. The annual chloride flux from the Park was 5.86 × 10¹⁰ g. Of this amount 45% was from the Madison River drainage basin, 32% from the Yellowstone River basin, 12% from the Snake River basin, and 11% from the Falls River basin. Of the annual chloride flux from the Yellowstone River drainage basin 36% was attributed to the Yellowstone Lake drainage basin. The geothermal contribution to the chloride flux was determined by subtracting the chloride contribution from rock weathering and atmospheric precipitation and is 94% of the total chloride flux. Calculations of the geothermal chloride flux for each river are given and the implications of an additional chloride flux out of the western Park boundary discussed. An anomalous increase in chloride flux out of the Park was observed for several weeks prior to the Mt. Borah earthquake in Central Idaho on October 28, 1983, reaching a peak value shortly thereafter. It is suggested that the rise in flux was a precursor of the earthquake. The information in this paper provides baseline data against which future changes in the hydrothermal systems can be measured. It also provides measurements related to the thermal contributions from the different drainage basins of the Park.  相似文献   

Modification of δD values in eastern Nevada granitoid rocks spatially related to thrust faults     

D. E. Lee  Irving Friedman  J. D. Gleason 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1984,88(3):288-298

Stable isotope data have been determined for 13 Mesozoic and Tertiary plutons in eastern Nevada and nearby Utah. In the southern Snake Range of eastern Nevada, where relations are best exposed and have been most intensively studied, D, ¹⁸O, and apparent K-Ar ages depend on proximity to the Snake Range decollement. Where stresses resulting from late movement on the decollement have caused cataclasis of Oligocene (37 Ma) granitoid rock, ¹⁸O, D, and K-Ar age values as low as –2.5, –155, and 18 Ma, respectively, have been determined. Where there has been no cataclasis, ¹⁸O values of Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Oligocene granitoid rocks are apparently unaffected, but both D values and K-Ar ages have been modified for distances of tens of meters below the decollement.Results similar to those in the southern Snake Range have been observed in other eastern Nevada granitoid rocks spatially related to regional thrust faults, as in the Kern Mountains, the Toana Range, and the northern Egan Range. In each of these areas cataclasis or deformation of granitoid rocks has resulted in lowered ¹⁸O, D, and K-Ar age values. Where there has been no cataclasis or deformation, ¹⁸O values are unaffected, but both D and K-Ar age values have been lowered by stresses resulting from postcrystallization movement along overlying thrust faults.Many of the plutons discussed have not been deeply eroded, and spatially related thrust faults crop out. Where thrust faults are not in evidence and the granitoid rocks give D values lower than about –130 along with spuriously low K-Ar age results, modification of the D and K-Ar age values may have been caused by stresses related to late movement along an overlying (now eroded) thrust fault.  相似文献   

A new silicate intercomparison standard for¹⁸O analysis     

Irving Friedman  Jim D. Gleason 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1973,18(1):124

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Deepsea mining legislation     

Alan G. Friedman 《Marine Policy》1977,1(4):341-342

An analysis, from the US viewpoint, of the impacts of deepsea mining legislation on the Law of the Sea negotiations.  相似文献   

Waters and organic-rich waste near dumping grounds in the New York Bight     

G. M. Friedman  P. K. Mukhopadhyay  A. Moch  M. Ahmed 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2000,43(1-4)

The New York Bight is a sector of the Middle Atlantic continental shelf. The Bight consists of a part of the Atlantic Ocean offshore of the New York and New Jersey metropolitan area. This area includes the most populated coastal setting in North America. The Atlantic shelf and its estuaries are used for waste disposal, dredging, commercial fishing, and recreation; activities that contribute to the contamination of associated bottom sediments. Existing data for toxicants are still inadequate. Improvements in sediment and water quality will require a more detailed knowledge and understanding of sediments and water in the Bight. Eleven coring stations were established in New York Bight. Decreases in pH and Eh both above and below the water/sediment interface are attributed to the activity of anaerobic bacteria. Sulfate reduction is one of the important processes in lowering pH. Low Eh values of up to −443 can be related to sulfate-reducing bacteria. The highest negative Eh generally occurs with the highest organic carbon concentration. Core samples yielded up to 4.00% organic carbon compared to 0.8 to 1.2% in sediments of the natural nearshore environment. Twenty-seven different aliphatic hydrocarbons, fourteen PAHs, five cyclic hydrocarbons, and eight dicarboxylic acids were identified in the Bight pore waters. Sediment located deeper in the Hudson Shelf Valley has a greater abundance of aliphatic hydrocarbons as adsorbed pollution on clay and silt. The presence of dicarboxylic acids leached from plastic came from anthropogenic activities (mostly sewage). PAHs have two sources: coal ash (observed in sediments) and petroleum (part of the sewage, run-offs, and oil spills). The rest of the hydrocarbons have a petroleum or biogenic origin. The high amount of organic carbon may be the result of sewage sludge or originated from natural sources. The main sources of contaminants are dumpsites, emergency releases after heavy rainstorms from sewage-treatment plants, tanker washing, storage transfer spills, run-off, and air-borne pollution. The relatively high accumulation of organic matter causes oxygen depletion, which creates anaerobic conditions. The presence of hydrogen sulfide makes the environment toxic for most of the biota. Detected hydrocarbons, especially PAHs easily enter the food chain and may cause cancer and mutagenic reactions of biota and humans. Organic petrology of six organic-rich sediments from New York Harbor illustrates a diverse population of anthropogenic and natural organic components. Three core samples (V-2, AC-4, and HV-3) contain coarse-textured organic matter. A slim majority of those components are anthropogenic. They are derived mainly from coal combustion by-products. The other two core samples (AC-6 and T-1) contain mainly very fine-grained organic matter. A majority of them are amorphous organic matter (AOM) that is derived from bacterial degradation of modern organic matter. Radionuclide dating (¹³⁷Cs, K-40, Pb-210) shows post-1950 components for the shallowest intervals in the cores (<30 cm). The post-1950 sediment, distributed in the tops of core, is recycled material from the dumpsites. The underlying sediment has isotopic signatures that suggest dates before active dumping.  相似文献