Sample return of interstellar matter (SARIM)     

Ralf Srama  Thomas Stephan  Eberhard Grün  Norbert Pailer  Anton Kearsley  Amara Graps  Rene Laufer  Pascale Ehrenfreund  Nicolas Altobelli  Kathrin Altwegg  Siegfried Auer  Jack Baggaley  Mark J. Burchell  James Carpenter  Luigi Colangeli  Francesca Esposito  Simon F. Green  Hartmut Henkel  Mihaly Horanyi  Annette Jäckel  Sascha Kempf  Neil McBride  Georg Moragas-Klostermeyer  Harald Krüger  Pasquale Palumbo  Andre Srowig  Mario Trieloff  Peter Tsou  Zoltan Sternovsky  Oliver Zeile  Hans-Peter Röser 《Experimental Astronomy》2009,23(1):303-328

The scientific community has expressed strong interest to re-fly Stardust-like missions with improved instrumentation. We propose a new mission concept, SARIM, that collects interstellar and interplanetary dust particles and returns them to Earth. SARIM is optimised for the collection and discrimination of interstellar dust grains. Improved active dust collectors on-board allow us to perform in-situ determination of individual dust impacts and their impact location. This will provide important constraints for subsequent laboratory analysis. The SARIM spacecraft will be placed at the L2 libration point of the Sun–Earth system, outside the Earth’s debris belts and inside the solar-wind charging environment. SARIM is three-axes stabilised and collects interstellar grains between July and October when the relative encounter speeds with interstellar dust grains are lowest (4 to 20 km/s). During a 3-year dust collection period several hundred interstellar and several thousand interplanetary grains will be collected by a total sensitive area of 1 m². At the end of the collection phase seven collector modules are stored and sealed in a MIRKA-type sample return capsule. SARIM will return the capsule containing the stardust to Earth to allow for an extraction and investigation of interstellar samples by latest laboratory technologies.  相似文献   

Planning magneto-optical filters for the study of magnetic oscillations of the Sun     

M. Oliviero  G. Severino  G. Esposito 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2010,328(1-2):325-329

VAMOS is a Magneto-Optical Filter (MOF) that can acquire nearly simultaneous Dopplergrams and magnetograms with high cadence in the K I 7699 Å line. We performed an accurate set-up of this instrument in view of its use for studying oscillations in solar magnetic regions. The optimal set-up for VAMOS was achieved and an extra result of the spectral transmission measurements was found. The MOF and Wing Selector (WS) bandpasses depend not only on the cell temperature and magnetic field but also on the radiation intensity entering the cell, when this radiation exceeds a suitable level. We call this effect The Intensity Effect.  相似文献   

Accurate hypocentre locations in the Middle-Durance Fault Zone, South-Eastern France     

Sebastiano Imposa  Jean-Pierre Fourno  Rosario Raffaele  Antonio Scaltrito  Luciano Scarfi 《Central European Journal of Geosciences》2009,1(4):416-423

A one-dimensional velocity model and station corrections for the Middle-Durance fault zone (south-eastern France) were computed by inverting P-wave arrival times recorded on a local seismic network of 8 stations. A total of 93 local events with a minimum of 6 P-phases, RMS 0.4 s and a maximum gap of 220° were selected. Comparison with previous earthquake locations shows an improvement for the relocated earthquakes. Tests were carried out to verify the robustness of inversion results in order to corroborate the conclusions drawn from our findings. The obtained minimum 1-D velocity model can be used to improve routine earthquake locations and represents a further step toward more detailed seismotectonic studies in this area of south-eastern France.  相似文献   

Geologic assessment and injection design for a pilot CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-enhanced oil recovery and sequestration demonstration in a heterogeneous oil reservoir: Citronelle Field,Alabama, USA     

Richard A. Esposito  Jack C. Pashin  Denise J. Hills  Peter M. Walsh 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,60(2):431-444

CO₂ pilot injection studies, with site-specific geologic assessment and engineering reservoir design, can be instrumental for demonstrating both incremental enhanced oil recovery and permanent geologic storage of greenhouse gases. The purpose of this paper is to present the geologic and reservoir analyses in support of a field pilot test that will evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of commercial-scale CO₂-enhanced oil recovery to increase oil recovery and extend the productive life of the Citronelle Oil Field, the largest conventional oil field in Alabama (SE USA). Screening of reservoir depth, oil gravity, reservoir pressure, reservoir temperature, and oil composition indicates that the Cretaceous-age Donovan sand, which has produced more than 169 × 10⁶ bbl in Citronelle Oil Field, is amenable to miscible CO₂ flooding. The project team has selected an 81 ha (200 ac) 5-spot test site with one central gas injector, two producers, and two initially temporarily abandoned production wells that are now in production. Injection is planned in two separate phases, each consisting of 6,804 t (7,500 short tons) of food-grade CO₂. The Citronelle Unit B-19-10 #2 well (Permit No. 3232) is the CO₂ injector for the first injection test. The 14-1 and 16-2 sands of the upper Donovan are the target zones. These sandstone units consist of fine to medium-grained sandstone that is enveloped by variegated mudstone. Both of these sandstone units were selected based on the distribution of perforated zones in the test pattern, production history, and the ability to correlate individual sandstone units in geophysical well logs. The pilot injections will evaluate the applicability of tertiary oil recovery to Citronelle Field and will provide a large volume of information on the pressure response of the reservoirs, the mobility of fluids, time to breakthrough, and CO₂ sweep efficiency. The results of the pilot injections will aid in the formulation of commercial-scale reservoir management strategies that can be applied to Citronelle Field and other geologically heterogeneous oil fields and the design of similar pilot injection projects.  相似文献   

Estimating ground water discharge by hydrograph separation     

Hannula SR  Esposito KJ  Chermak JA  Runnells DD  Keith DC  Hall LE 《Ground water》2003,41(3):368-375

Iron Mountain is located in the West Shasta Mining District in California. An investigation of the generation of acid rock drainage and metals loading to Boulder Creek at Iron Mountain was conducted. As part of that investigation, a hydrograph separation technique was used to determine the contribution of ground water to total flow in Boulder Creek. During high-flow storm events in the winter months, peak flow in Boulder Creek can exceed 22.7 m3/sec, and comprises surface runoff, interflow, and ground water discharge. A hydrograph separation technique was used to estimate ground water discharge into Boulder Creek during high-flow conditions. Total ground water discharge to the creek approaches 0.31 m3/sec during the high-flow season. The hydrograph separation technique combined with an extensive field data set provided reasonable estimates of ground water discharge. These estimates are useful for other investigations, such as determining a corresponding metals load from the metal-rich ground water found at Iron Mountain and thus contributing to remedial alternatives.  相似文献   

Development from within: an evaluative research on economic development strategies     

Rosario Turvey 《GeoJournal》2006,67(3):207-222

Research on the practice of adopting local economic development (LED) strategies is important to understand our local world as it is and what it might be made to be as a place for community. This article on economic development strategies (EDS) highlights the results from a survey of 82 small communities representing the Yukon Territory and ten provinces in Canada. The purpose was to evaluate the positive and additive effects of past local action and community initiatives so as to understand the variation in the adoption of local economic development strategies of Canada’s small towns and local municipalities. Using a questionnaire as instrument for data collection, the study employed hierarchical regression analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) as method for factor extraction and composite assessment on the effects of adopting EDS for community. The PCA solution was applied to evaluate the structure of correlation between the community characteristics as control variables in the baseline model for regression analysis and the past local action and community initiatives as independent variables. The results of the hierarchical regression analysis showed that local initiatives have significant and additive effects on the adoption of EDS by small communities. The study findings offer some insights into some perspectives of ‘development from within’ to mean the local economic development practice in Canadian communities.  相似文献   

On the effect of subinertial phenomena on the internal lee waves generation in the Strait of Gibraltar     

José J. del Alonso Rosario  M. Arias Ballesteros  P. Villares Durán 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2007,21(3):259-272

The generation of internal lee waves (ILW) in the Strait of Gibraltar takes place in the main sill where the tidal flow interacts with a submarine obstacle. The tidal flow is perturbed by subinertial phenomena of different nature summarized in the subinertial currents that can inhibit the ILW generation. The authors present an attempt to randomize the problem by the introduction of a Gaussian noise in the Taylor–Goldstein equation. The random number sets are generated from the statistical distribution of the previously isolated random part of the subinertial currents from experimental data taken in the area during the Gibraltar Experiment 94–96. The effect of the noise is translated into a continuous spreading of the spectrum around the solution of the noise-free problem. A stability analysis is carried out in order to determine the single neutral modes of oscillations and the phase space is divided onto regions of stability and instability as a function of the inflowing subinertial current. The methodology and results could be useful for the design and timing of oceanographic surveys in straits where the ILWs occur.  相似文献   

The occultation of Mariner 10 by Mercury     

Gunnar Fjeldbo  Arvydas Kliore  Donald Sweetnam  Pasquale Esposito  Boris Seidel  Taylor Howard 《Icarus》1976,29(4):439-444

An analysis of the Mariner 10 dual frequency radio occultation recordings has yielded new information on the radius and atmosphere of Mercury. The ingress measurements which were conducted near 1.1° North latitude and 67.4° East longitude on the night side of the planet, gave a value for the radius of 2439.5 ± 1 km. Egress near 67.6° North latitide and 258.4° East longitude in the sunlit side yielded a radius of 2439.0 ± 1 km. The atmospheric measurements showed the electron density to be less than 10³ cm^?3 on both sides of the planet. From the latter result one may infer an upper limit to the dayside surface gas density of 10⁶ molecules per cm³.  相似文献   

Areal Distribution of Ground Effects Induced by Strong Earthquakes in the Southern Apennines (Italy)     

S. Porfido  E. Esposito  E. Vittori  G. Tranfaglia  A.M. Michetti  M. Blumetti  L. Ferreli  L. Guerrieri  L. Serva 《Surveys in Geophysics》2002,23(6):529-562

Moderate to strong crustal earthquakes are generally accompanied by a distinctivepattern of coseismic geological phenomena, ranging from surface faulting to groundcracks, landslides, liquefaction/compaction, which leave a permanent mark in thelandscape. Therefore, the repetition of surface faulting earthquakes over a geologictime interval determines a characteristic morphology closely related to seismic potential. To support this statement, the areal distribution and dimensions of effects of recent historical earthquakes in the Southern Apennines are being investigated in detail. This paper presents results concerning the 26 July 1805 earthquake in the Molise region, (I = X MCS, M = 6.8), and the 23 November 1980 earthquake in the Campania and Basilicata regions (I = X MSK, M_s = 6.9). Landslide data are also compared with two other historical earthquakes in the same region with similar macroseismic intensity. The number of significant effects (either ground deformation or hydrological anomalies) versus their minimum distance from the causative fault have been statistically analyzed, finding characteristic relationships. In particular, the decay of the number of landslides with distance from fault follows an exponential law, whereas it shows almost a rectilinear trend for liquefaction and hydrological anomalies. Most effects fall within the macroseismic area, landslides within intensity V to VI, liquefaction effects within VI and hydrologicalanomalies within IV MCS/MSK, hence at much larger distances. A possible correlation between maximum distance of effects and length of the reactivated fault zone is also noted. Maximum distances fit the envelope curves for Intensity and Magnitude based on worldwide data. These results suggest that a careful examination of coseismic geological effects can be important for a proper estimation of earthquake parameters and vulnerability of the natural environment for seismic hazard evaluation purposes.  相似文献   

SOURCES OF SPATIAL-TEMPORAL VARIABILITY IN GROUNDWATER QUALITY DATA AND METHODS OF CONTROL     

Susan J. Keith  LG. Wilson  Harold R. Fitch  David M. Esposito 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》1983,3(2):21-32

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