Effects of detrital carbonate on stable oxygen and carbon isotope data from varved sediments of the interglacial Piànico palaeolake (Southern Alps,Italy)     

Clara Mangili  Achim Brauer  Birgit Plessen  Peter Dulski  Andrea Moscariello  Rudolf Naumann 《第四纪科学杂志》2010,25(2):135-145

Contamination with detrital matter is a well‐known bias in δ¹⁸O records from lake carbonates but quantitative information of this effect is yet lacking. Therefore, we developed a new methodological approach combining isotope analyses with microfacies, X‐ray diffraction and micro‐X‐ray fluorescence data and applied this in a case study for the Piànico interglacial lake record in order to provide a quantitative estimate of the effect of detrital carbonate on stable δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C data. The Piànico record contains a long series of distinct and well‐preserved calcite varves and is correlated to Marine Isotope Stage 11. Intercalated in the varve sequence are detrital layers triggered by surface erosion events. These detrital layers are mainly composed of dolomite, thus reflecting the mineralogical signature of the catchment. Microfacies analyses of a 9350 varve year interval allows the identification of detrital layers down to sub‐millimetre scale and a precise selection of three different types of samples for isotope analyses: (1) pure endogenic calcite varves (five varves per sample) without detrital contamination; (2) individual detrital layers; and (3) ‘mixed’ samples including five calcite varves and up to four thin detrital layers. Detrital samples show the isotopic signature of the catchment dolomite and are up to 5.7‰ enriched in δ¹⁸O values with respect to endogenic calcite samples. In mixed samples, the degree of isotopic enrichment is directly related to the amount of detrital contamination; δ¹⁸O of bulk carbonates is significantly biased when the detrital component amounts to more than 5% of the sample. It is also shown that samples containing detrital material have an influence on the calculation of the covariance between δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O. Covariance is high (r = 0.76) when the correlation coefficient is calculated on the base of all samples, but absent (r = ?0.43) when samples containing detrital dolomite are excluded. It has been demonstrated that microfacies analysis is a quick tool to avoid or reduce detrital contamination in bulk carbonate samples during sample selection. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Evaluation of thermal equations of state for CO2 in numerical simulations     

Norbert B?ttcher  Joshua Taron  Olaf Kolditz  Chan-Hee Park  Rudolf Liedl 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,67(2):481-495

Three commonly used thermal equations of state for carbon dioxide, as well as the ideal gas law, have been compared against a large number of measurement data taken from the literature. Complex equations of state reach a higher accuracy than simple ones. The inaccuracy of the density function can cause large errors in fluid property correlations, such as heat capacity or viscosity. The influence of this inaccuracy on the results of numerical simulations have been evaluated by two examples: The first one assumes isothermal gas expansion from a volume, while the second one considers heat transport along a fracture. For both examples, different equations of state have been utilized. The simulations have been performed on the scientific software platform OpenGeoSys. The difference among the particular simulation results is significant. Apparently small errors in the density function can cause considerably different results of otherwise identical simulation setups.  相似文献   

Macrocrystic corundum and Fe–Ti oxide minerals entrained in alkali basalts from the Eger (Ohře) Rift: Mg−Fe3+-rich ilmenite as tracer of an oxidized upper mantle     

Wolfgang Seifert  Dieter Rhede  Hans-Jürgen Förster  Rudolf Naumann  Rainer Thomas  Jaromir Ulrych 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2014,108(5):645-662

Macrocrysts of corundum, ilmenite, and spinel-group minerals from alluvial deposits of the Eger Rift were studied for composition, texture, and mineral inclusions. All macrocrysts show usually magmatic corrosion textures indicating disequilibrium with the transporting alkali-basalt magma. Corundum grains, exclusively sapphires, were classified by trace-element signatures as magmatic and metamorphic types. Some sapphire grains show erratic compositions that may have resulted from a metasomatic overprint. The inclusion inventory of magmatic corundum suggests crystallization from a differentiated alkaline silicate melt. Corundum itself was never observed as an inclusion mineral. Magnesium- and Fe³⁺-rich ilmenite, described as typical mantle-derived species, is the dominant heavy mineral in almost all alluvial deposits of the Eger Rift. Most discrete macrocrysts are similar in appearance and composition to kimberlite- and basanite-related ilmenite. Ilmenite included in alluvial corundum and zircon grains differ from the bulk of discrete ilmenite grains by larger concentrations of Nb and Mn. The mantle origin of the Mg–Fe³⁺-rich ilmenite is confirmed by compositional and thermo-barometric comparison with ilmenite from clinoproxenitic and hornblenditic xenoliths, which probably originated in the Moho region. The Fe–Ti two-oxide geothermometry and oxygen-barometry of coexisting ilmenite–magnetite pairs yield equilibrium temperatures between 900 and 1,080 °C and oxygen fugacities log₁₀fO₂ between ?0.1 and 1.1 (relative to the NNO buffer), which indicate that the upper mantle as well as the mantle/crust transition zone below the rift is at least partially oxidized. The ilmenite macrocrysts were transported from the source region to the surface by explosive alkali-basalt magmas, as implied by the presence of basaltic-pipe breccias in close vicinity to some placer deposits.  相似文献   

Relationships between tissue concentrations of paralytic shellfish toxins and antioxidative responses of clams, Ruditapes philippinarum     

Choi NM  Yeung LW  Siu WH  So IM  Jack RW  Hsieh DP  Wu RS  Lam PK 《Marine pollution bulletin》2006,52(5):572-578

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A literature review on trace metals and organic compounds of anthropogenic origin in the Wider Caribbean Region   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

Fernandez A  Singh A  Jaffé R 《Marine pollution bulletin》2007,54(11):1681-1691

About 30 studies from the published literature were reviewed to determine the pollution status regarding heavy metals and organic compounds of the Wider Caribbean Region (WCR). The literature revealed that most studies were performed in the South and Central American Caribbean Region with sparse reports on the small island states. Collectively, the most frequently analyzed heavy metals were Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd, Ni, Mn and Cr while DDT and its metabolites were the most frequently reported organic pollutants. The samples which were analyzed vary in terms of sampling schemes, parameters and analytical techniques, as well as differences in data reporting presentation (i.e. dry weight versus wet weight, sediment fraction analyzed, or % lipids). These differences make meaningful comparisons of the available data very difficult. Furthermore, there is limited data available for most of these contaminants from the majority of nations in the WCR. Therefore, any attempt to create a regional scale assessment from contaminants data available in the open literature is limited by the scarcity of available information.  相似文献   

On the Stability Regions of the Trojan Asteroids     

Rudolf Dvorak  Richard Schwarz 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2005,92(1-3):19-28

The orbits of fictitious bodies around Jupiter’s stable equilibrium points L ₄ and L ₅ were integrated for a fine grid of initial conditions up to 100 million years. We checked the validity of three different dynamical models, namely the spatial, restricted three body problem, a model with Sun, Jupiter and Saturn and also the dynamical model with the Outer Solar System (Jupiter to Neptune). We determined the chaoticity of an orbit with the aid of the Lyapunov Characteristic Exponents (=LCE) and used also a method where the maximum eccentricity of an orbit achieved during the dynamical evolution was examined. The goal of this investigation was to determine the size of the regions of motion around the equilibrium points of Jupiter and to find out the dependance on the inclination of the Trojan’s orbit. Whereas for small inclinations (up to i=20°) the stable regions are almost equally large, for moderate inclinations the size shrinks quite rapidly and disappears completely for i>60^°. Additionally, we found a difference in the dynamics of orbits around L ₄ which – according to the LCE – seem to be more stable than the ones around L ₅.  相似文献   

Colluviation and soil formation as geoindicators to study long-term environmental changes     

Iraj Emadodin  Stefan Reiss  Hans Rudolf Bork 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,62(8):1695-1706

Soil is a dynamic natural body and fundamental resource. Human activities influence intensively the natural processes in soils. They modify and accelerate the development of soils. In this investigation, the deposition of colluvial sediments (colluviation) and soil formation are proposed as geoindicators for a better understanding of long-term environmental changes and environmental impact assessment. Deposition of colluvial sediments during several time periods and subsequent soil formation under different land-use systems reflect important aspects on the long-term human interference in the environment. In this study, we hypothesize that intensive human activities and environmental changes during middle and late Holocene are responsible for a strong modification of soils in an investigation area in Schleswig–Holstein (Germany). Soil age information together with geomorphological data, physical, chemical and biological soil properties provide the database which is necessary to study the types and rates of colluviation and soil formation. After the investigation with a high resolution in time and space, results show that middle and late Holocene land-use changes and land management are responsible for soil formation in colluvial layers. Properties of soils and sediments vary intensively from Mesolithic until Modern times. Intensive soil formation took place during periods of geomorphodynamic stability in dense woodland. Evidence in our investigations shows that colluviation has a strong relation with decision-making and environmental degradation in the past. This confirms, too, that a geoindicator concept is needed to understand and to monitor long-term environmental changes and degradation.  相似文献   

Gravettian environmental changes in a N — S transect of central Europe     

Rudolf Musil 《Central European Journal of Geosciences》2011,3(2):147-154

The area defined as the N — S transect of Central Europe encompasses Slovenia, Croatia, Hungary, southern Slovakia, northern Austria, Moravia and southern Poland. Physical and biological environmental analysis have been undertaken for the Gravettian period of the last glacial, between 31 and 22 ka cal BP. Mammal faunas have been recorded from different provinces, which have climatic differences. These climatic differences are reflected in the sediments, the plant cover and the fauna. Over the course of several warm and cold events from 31–22 ka the biodiversity of the individual provinces has remained roughly the same, but important quantitative changes have occurred in the individual faunas.  相似文献   

Safety of small and medium dams in permafrost regions     

Rudolf V. Zhang  Sergey A. Velikin 《寒旱区科学》2014,6(4):0331-0339

Safe operation and performance of dams is one of the key issues in permafrost regions. At present, the existing dams are 40–45 years old and they are reaching their design life limit. Intensive geocryological processes（thermokarst, thermal erosion, frost heaving, suffosion, concentrated seepage along the voids left by melt ice and others） begin to develop at the early stages of construction. These processes are even more intensive under severe climatic conditions of the permafrost zone due to the large thermal and moisture gradients and the resulting complex thermal stress-strain state in the structures. Determining safety criteria is a critical and difficult task in dam safety management. The existing procedures need to be continuously refined and improved depending on dam importance class. Some researchers recommend introducing process development criteria（stability, destabilization, and extremality） for more objective assessment of dam safety, in addition to the existing two condition criteria. In other words, they call for a multi-factor dam – environment interaction system. A case study of safety declaration for an existing dam is presented.  相似文献   

Five centuries of Southern Moravian drought variations revealed from living and historic tree rings     

Ulf B��ntgen  Rudolf Br��zdil  Petr Dobrovolny  Mirek Trnka  Tom��? Kyncl 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2011,105(1-2):167-180

Past, present, and projected fluctuations of the hydrological cycle, associated to anthropogenic climate change, describe a pending challenge for natural ecosystems and human civilizations. Here, we compile and analyze long meteorological records from Brno, Czech Republic and nearby tree-ring measurements of living and historic firs from Southern Moravia. This unique paleoclimatic compilation together with innovative reconstruction methods and error estimates allows regional-scale May?CJune drought variability to be estimated back to ad 1500. Driest and wettest conditions occurred in 1653 and 1713, respectively. The ten wettest decades are evenly distributed throughout time, whereas the driest episodes occurred in the seventeenth century and from the 1840s onward. Discussion emphasizes agreement between the new reconstruction and documentary evidence, and stresses possible sources of reconstruction uncertainty including station inhomogeneity, limited frequency preservation, reduced climate sensitivity, and large-scale constraints.  相似文献