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41.
42.
An energetic solar proton and electron event was observed by particle detectors aboard Explorer 33 (AIMP-1) and OGO-3 during the period July 16–19, 1966. Optical and radio observations of the sun suggest that these particles were produced by a flare which may have occurred on July 16 near the central meridian of the invisible hemisphere. The active region to which the flare is assigned is known to have produced the energetic particle events of July 7 and 28, 1966. The propagation of the particles in the July 16–19 event over the 180° extent of solar longitude from the flare to the earth is discussed, and it is concluded that there must exist a means of rapidly distributing energetic particles over a large area of the sun. Several possible mechanisms are suggested. 相似文献
43.
44.
Climate change and coastal flooding in Metro Boston: impacts and adaptation strategies 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sea level rise (SLR) due to climate change will increase storm surge height along the 825 km long coastline of Metro Boston,
USA. Land at risk consists of urban waterfront with piers and armoring, residential areas with and without seawalls and revetments,
and undeveloped land with either rock coasts or gently sloping beachfront and low-lying coastal marshes. Risk-based analysis
shows that the cumulative 100 year economic impacts on developed areas from increased storm surge flooding depend heavily
upon the adaptation response, location, and estimated sea level rise. Generally it is found that it is advantageous to use
expensive structural protection in areas that are highly developed and less structural approaches such as floodproofing and
limiting or removing development in less developed or environmentally sensitive areas. 相似文献
45.
Diana Rodriguez Ana Rodriguez Amparo Soto Alfonso Aranda Yolanda Diaz-de-Mera Alberto Notario 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2008,59(3):187-197
The reactions of three structurally similar unsaturated alcohols, 2-buten-1-ol (crotyl alcohol), 2-methyl-2-propen-1-ol (MPO221)
and 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol (MBO321) with Cl atoms, have been investigated for the first time, using a 400 l Teflon reaction
chamber coupled with gas chromatograph-coupled with flame-ionization detection (GC-FID). The experiments were performed at
atmospheric pressure and at temperatures between 255 and 298 K, in air or nitrogen as the bath gas. The obtained kinetic data
were used to derive the Arrhenius expressions , , (in units of cm3 molecule−1 s−1). Finally, atmospheric lifetimes of those unsaturated alcohols with respect to OH, NO3, O3 and Cl have been calculated. 相似文献
46.
Chemical and chronologic complexity in the convecting upper mantle: Evidence from the Taitao ophiolite, southern Chile 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ruth F. Schulte Manuel Schilling Ryo Anma James Farquhar Mary F. Horan Tsuyoshi Komiya Philip M. Piccoli Lynnette Pitcher Richard J. Walker 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2009,73(19):5793-5819
Exposure of the ca. 6 Ma Taitao ophiolite, Chile, located 50 km south of the Chile Triple Junction, allows detailed chemical and isotopic study of rocks that were recently extracted from the depleted mantle source of mid-ocean ridge basalts (DMM). Ultramafic and mafic rocks are examined for isotopic (Os, Sr, Nd, and O), and major and trace element compositions, including the highly siderophile elements (HSE). Taitao peridotites have compositions indicative of variable extents of partial melting and melt extraction. Low δ18O values for most whole rock samples suggest some open-system, high-temperature water–rock interaction, most likely during serpentinization, but relict olivine grains have δ18O values consistent with primary mantle values. Most of the peridotites analyzed for Nd–Sr isotopes have compositions consistent with estimates for the modern DMM, although several samples are characterized by 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd indicative of crustal contamination, most likely via interactions with seawater. The peridotites have initial 187Os/188Os ratios that range widely from 0.1168 to 0.1288 (γOs = −8.0 to +1.1), averaging 0.1239 (γOs = −2.4), which is comparable to the average for modern abyssal peridotites. A negative correlation between the Mg# of relict olivine grains and Os isotopic compositions of whole rock peridotites suggests that the Os isotopic compositions reflect primary mantle Re/Os fractionation produced by variable extents of partial melting at approximately 1.6 Ga. Recent re-melting at or near the spatially associated Chile Ridge further modified these rocks, and Re, and minor Pt and Pd were subsequently added back into some rocks by late-stage melt–rock or fluid–rock interactions.In contrast to the peridotites, approximately half of the mafic rocks examined have whole rock δ18O values within the range of mantle compositions, and their Nd and Sr isotopic compositions are all generally within the range of modern DMM. These rocks have initial 187Os/188Os ratios, calculated for 6 Ma, that range from 0.126 (γOs = −1) to as high as 0.561 (γOs = +342). The Os isotopic systematics of each of these rocks may reflect derivation from mixed lithologies that include the peridotites, but may also include pyroxenites with considerably more radiogenic Os than the peridotites. This observation supports the view that suprachondritic Os present in MORB derives from mixed mantle source lithologies, accounting for some of the worldwide dichotomy in 187Os/188Os between MORB and abyssal peridotites.The collective results of this study suggest that this >500 km3 block of the mantle underwent at least two stages of melting. The first stage occurred at 1.6 Ga, after which the block remained isolated and unmixed within the DMM. A final stage of melting recently occurred at or near the Chile Ridge, resulting in the production of at least some of the mafic rocks. Convective stirring of this mantle domain during a >1 Ga period was remarkably inefficient, at least with regard to Os isotopes. 相似文献
47.
Ada Alamaru Yossi Loya Eran Brokovich Ruth Yam Aldo Shemesh 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2009,73(18):5333-5342
We examined the utilization of carbon and nitrogen in two common Red Sea coral species (Stylophora pistillata and Favia favus), differing in colony morphology and polyp size, along a depth gradient down to 60 m. We describe the changes in C/N ratios and in the stable isotope composition of carbon and nitrogen of coral’s tissue and algal symbionts. We also measured the carbon isotopic composition of the lipid fraction extracted from both coral tissue and algal symbionts in order to reveal the changes in the carbon source utilized by the host coral for lipid synthesis.The results show that for both species, δ13C decreases by 7–8‰ in animal tissue, algal symbionts and in the lipid fractions as depth increases. However, in contrast to previous reports, the difference between δ13C values of coral tissue and algal symbionts does not increase with depth. δ15N values of coral tissue and algal symbionts in both species do not correlate with depth suggesting that the heterotrophic capacity of these corals does not increase with depth. δ13C values of tissue lipids were depleted by an average of 3.5‰ compared to δ13C of the entire tissue at all depths. δ13C values of algal lipids were depleted by an average of 2‰ compared to δ13C of the entire zooxanthellae at all depths, indicating high efficiency of carbon recycling between the two symbiotic partners along the entire gradient. The depletion of lipids is attributed to the fractionation mechanism during lipid synthesis. In addition, for both species, δ13C values of algal lipids were enriched compared with δ13C of tissue lipids. In S. pistillata, the difference between δ13C values of tissue lipids and algal lipids increased linearly with depth, indicating a change in the sources of carbon utilized by the coral for lipid synthesis below 20 m from an autotrophic to a heterotrophic source. However, in F. favus, this average difference was 4 times larger compared to shallow S. pistillata and was constant along the entire depth gradient, suggesting that F. favus uses heterotrophically-acquired carbon for lipid synthesis regardless of depth. Overall, F. favus exhibited enriched δ13C and δ15N values compared to S. pistillata along the entire gradient. We attribute these differences to both morphological differences (i.e. colony morphology, tissue thickness and polyp size) between the two species and to a higher heterotrophy/autotrophy ratio in F. favus at all depths. The C/N ratio in S. pistillata tissue decreased with increasing water depth whereas in F. favus it remained constant. This reflects a higher heterotrophic capacity in the large polyped F. favus, at all depths. 相似文献
48.
We have studied the oxygen isotope signature of inorganic phosphate (Pi) generated by hydrolysis of nucleic acid phosphodiester (P-diester) compounds by cell-free enzymes (Deoxyribonuclease 1, Phosphodiesterase 1, Alkaline phosphatase) and microbial cultures at natural isotopic abundances. We demonstrate that the diesterase-catalyzed hydrolytic step leads to incorporation of at least one water O into released Pi for a total of two O atoms from water incorporated into Pi released from P-diesters. In the presence of Phosphodiesterase 1, 16O is preferentially incorporated into nucleotides released from DNA; whereas 18O is preferentially incorporated into nucleotides released from RNA. A strong consistency between predicted O-isotope regeneration signatures based on results of cell-free enzyme experiments and measured isotopic signatures from independent experiments with E. coli cultures was observed and confirms proposed models for phosphoester hydrolysis. Results from these studies made at natural 18O abundance levels provide a new tool, enzyme-specific O-isotope fractionation, for investigations of organophosphate metabolism and phosphorus cycling pathways in natural aquatic systems. 相似文献
49.
Wm. Alexander Osborne Rebecca A. Hodge Gordon D. Love Peter Hawkin Ruth E. Hawkin 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(13):2656-2670
The passive, ambient sound above the water from a river has previously untapped potential for determining flow characteristics such as stage. Measuring sub-aerial sound could provide a new, efficient way to continuously monitor river stage, without the need for in-stream infrastructure. Previous published work has suggested that there might be a relationship between sound and river stage, but the analysis has been restricted to a narrow range of flow conditions and river morphologies. We present a method to determine site suitability and the process of how to record and analyse sound. Data collected along a 500 m length of the River Washburn during July 2019 is used to determine what makes a site suitable for sound monitoring. We found that sound is controlled by roughness elements in the channel, such as a boulder or weir, which influences the sound produced. On the basis of these findings, we collect audio recordings from six sites around the northeast of England, covering a range of flow conditions and different roughness elements, since 2019. We use data from those sites collected during storms Ciara and Dennis to produce a relationship between this sound and river stage. Our analysis has shown a positive relationship between an R2 of 0.73 and 0.99 in all rivers, but requires careful site selection and data processing to achieve the best results. We introduce a filter that is capable of isolating a river's sound from other environmental sound. Future work in examining the role of these roughness elements is required to understand the full extent of this technique. By demonstrating that sound can operate as a hydrometric tool, we suggest that sound monitoring could be used to provide cost-effective monitoring devices, either to detect relative change in a river or, after more research, a reliable stage measurement. 相似文献
50.