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The coral reefs in Bermuda's Castle Harbour basin have been subjected to varying anthropogenic stressors for over 100 years. These include restriction of water flow through the construction of a causeway in the late 19th century and an extensive dredging and land reclamation operation during World War II. In the 1970s, disposal of bulk waste commenced at a foreshore reclamation site in Castle Harbour. Since 1996 the waste stream has included blocks of cement-stabilized municipal incinerator ash. This study provides a historical and quantitative ecological review of the Castle Habour reef ecosystem as a case study, assessing the responses of the reef to more than a century of anthropogenic disturbance. Measures of the coral community, flow rates, turbidity and sedimentary regimes suggest the present structure of the coral community largely reflects the impacts of the historic dredge and fill operations prior to the establishment of the foreshore dump site. Recent increases in the abundance of some sediment tolerant, massive reef-building coral species (Diploria strigosa and Montastraea cavernosa) suggest adaptation to chronic sediment stress. 相似文献
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Sustainable management of coastal and coral reef environments requires regular collection of accurate information on recognized ecosystem health indicators. Satellite image data and derived maps of water column and substrate biophysical properties provide an opportunity to develop baseline mapping and monitoring programs for coastal and coral reef ecosystem health indicators. A significant challenge for satellite image data in coastal and coral reef water bodies is the mixture of both clear and turbid waters. A new approach is presented in this paper to enable production of water quality and substrate cover type maps, linked to a field based coastal ecosystem health indicator monitoring program, for use in turbid to clear coastal and coral reef waters. An optimized optical domain method was applied to map selected water quality (Secchi depth, Kd PAR, tripton, CDOM) and substrate cover type (seagrass, algae, sand) parameters. The approach is demonstrated using commercially available Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper image data over a coastal embayment exhibiting the range of substrate cover types and water quality conditions commonly found in sub-tropical and tropical coastal environments. Spatially extensive and quantitative maps of selected water quality and substrate cover parameters were produced for the study site. These map products were refined by interactions with management agencies to suit the information requirements of their monitoring and management programs. 相似文献
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In order to develop a viable foraminiferal proxy for heavy metal pollutants, juvenile specimens of Rosalina leei were subjected to different mercury concentrations (0-180 ng/l). Initially considerable growth was observed in specimens kept in saline water having a mercury concentration up to 100 ng/l. But with the gradual increase in concentration of mercury the growth rate started decreasing. Total growth achieved was significantly lower in case of specimens kept at relatively higher mercury concentrations then those maintained in normal saline water. The most significant result of this experiment was the addition of abnormal chambers in the specimens kept at higher mercury concentration. Later the specimens kept at highest concentration (180 ng/l) were subjected to progressively increasing concentration of mercury to see the further effects and it was found that the specimens were still living at as high a mercury concentration as 260 ng/l although there was no growth. 相似文献
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本文概括地说明了世界各地石质文物的风化腐蚀现象。论述了当前石质文物破坏机理的最新研究成果。特别是对与岩石中可溶性盐份及孔隙特征的关系,以及大气污染对岩石的腐蚀作用作了较为详细的论述,最后介绍了当前的一些保护措施。 相似文献
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含气砂岩的地震反射展现出广泛的振幅——炮检距变化(AVO)特征.决定含气砂岩的AVO特征的两个最主要的因素是法向入射反射系数月R_0和反射界面上下的油松比差.这两个因素中,R_0是较不受约束的.根据含气砂岩的AVO特征,含气砂岩反射界面可按会气砂岩顶部的R_0分为三类.第一类含气砂岩具有较页岩围岩高的波阻抗,从而有相对较大的正R_0值.第二类含气砂岩具有与页岩围岩近似相同的波阻抗,其特点是R_0值接近于零.第三类含气砂岩具有较页岩围岩低的波阻抗和较大的负R_0值.这三类砂岩均有独特的AVO特征.这篇论文分别论述了这三类砂岩的实例.第一类含气砂岩属于Arkoma盆地的Hartshorn河道砂岩.第二类合气砂岩实例讨论墨西哥湾Brazos 滨外地区的中新世含气砂岩.第三类含气砂岩实例是墨西哥湾高岛(High Island)滨外地区上新统含气砂岩. 相似文献
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Kraemer SR 《Ground water》2007,45(4):402-408
Scientists and engineers who use the analytic element method (AEM) for solving problems of regional ground water flow may be considered a community, and this community can be studied from the perspective of history and philosophy of science. Applying the methods of the Hungarian philosopher of science Imre Lakatos (1922 to 1974), the AEM "research program" is distinguished by its hard core (theoretical basis), protective belt (auxiliary assumptions), and heuristic (problem solving machinery). AEM has emerged relatively recently in the scientific literature and has a relatively modest number of developers and practitioners compared to the more established finite-element and finite-difference methods. Nonetheless, there is evidence to support the assertion that the AEM research program remains in a progressive phase. The evidence includes an expanding publication record, a growing research strand following Professor Otto Strack's book Groundwater Mechanics (1989), the continued placement of AEM researchers in academia, and the further development of innovative analytical solutions and computational solvers/models. 相似文献
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Dynamics of phosphorus and nitrogen through litter fall and decomposition in a tropical mangrove forest 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Distribution, dynamics and mass budget of phosphorus and nitrogen in a red mangrove forest were studied in the Potengi mangrove forest in northern Brazil (lat. 5 degrees 42' and 5 degrees 53'S, long. 35 degrees 5' and 35 degrees 25'W). Tidal hydrology, net primary productivity, leaf litter decomposition rate and standing stock of leaf litter in a red mangrove forest were measured. The results showed that the main reservoir for total P and total N was the sediment with 309 kg ha(-1) and 4619 kg ha(-1) (77% and 95% of the total P and N content in the mangrove forest), respectively, for the two elements. Total P and total N in Rhizophora mangle trees accounted for 145+/-14 kg ha(-1) and 216+/-23 kg ha(-1) (23% and 5% of the total P and N in the mangrove forest). The estimated average export rates for P and N through leaf litter are 0.5 kg ha(-1)yr(-1) and 1.6 kg ha(-1)yr(-1) respectively. Our measurements support previous results in concluding that mangrove forests efficiently retain P and N. 相似文献
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地下水中氮化物转换的氧化还原条件 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
地下水中氧化还原电位影响着各种氮化物的分布和浓度变化。计算资料已经用于确定这些化合物之间的Eh—pH边界值。计算条件与地下水中不同形式氮化物的实际资料有所不同。本文给出了一个经验性的氮化物的Eh—pH曲线图,这个经验性的Eh—pH曲线图与地下水中氮化物的实际分布相一致。 相似文献