Comment on the "More data required" editorial by Keith J. Halford (Ground Water 42, no. 4: 477)     

Gareth Digges LT 《Ground water》2004,42(6-7):798; discussion 798

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Effects on the Ionosphere Due to Phenomena Occurring Below it   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

E. Kazimirovsky  M. Herraiz  B. A. De La Morena 《Surveys in Geophysics》2003,24(2):139-184

The terrestrial thermosphere and ionosphere form the most variable part of theEarth's atmosphere. Because our society depends on technological systems thatcan be affected by thermospheric and ionospheric phenomena, understanding,monitoring and ultimately forecasting the changes of the thermosphere–ionosphere system are of crucial importance to communications, navigation and the exploration of near-Earth space. The reason for the extreme variability of the thermosphere–ionosphere system isits rapid response to external forcing from various sources, i.e., thesolar ionizing flux, energetic charged particles and electric fields imposed via the interaction between the solar wind, magnetosphere and ionosphere, as well as coupling from below (meteorological influences) by the upward propagating, broad spectrum,internal atmospheric waves (planetary waves, tides, gravity waves) generated in thestratosphere and troposphere. Thunderstorms, typhoons, hurricanes, tornadoes andeven seismological events may also have observable consequences in the ionosphere.The release of trace gases due to human activity have the potential to cause changes inthe lower and the upper atmosphere.A brief overview is presented concerning the discoveries and experimentalresults that have confirmed that the ionosphere is subject to meteorologicalcontrol (especially for geomagnetic quiet conditions and for middle latitudes).D-region aeronomy, the winter anomaly of radiowave absorption, wave-liketravelling ionospheric disturbances, the non-zonality and regional peculiaritiesof lower thermospheric winds, sporadic-E occurrence and structure, spread-Fevents, the variability of ionospheric electron density profiles and Total ElectronContent, the variability of foF2, etc., should all be considered in connection withtropospheric and stratospheric processes. Ionospheric weather, as a part of spaceweather, (i.e., hour-to-hour and day-to-day variability of the ionospheric parameters)awaits explanation and prediction within the framework of the climatological, seasonal,and solar-cycle variations.  相似文献   

Assessing catchment-scale spatial and temporal patterns of groundwater and stream salinity     

David L. Poulsen  Craig T. Simmons  Corinne Le Galle La Salle  Jim W. Cox 《Hydrogeology Journal》2006,14(7):1339-1359

Understanding catchment-scale patterns of groundwater and stream salinity are important in land- and water-salinity management. A large-scale assessment of groundwater and stream data was undertaken in the eastern Mt Lofty Ranges of South Australia using geographical information systems (GIS), regional scale hydrologic data, hydrograph separation and hydrochemical techniques. Results of the study show: (1) salts were mostly of marine origin (75%), while sulfate and bicarbonate from mineral weathering comprised most of the remainder, (2) elevated groundwater salinities and stable water isotopic compositions similar to mean rainfall indicated that plant transpiration was the primary salt accumulation mechanism, (3) key factors explaining groundwater salinity were geology and rainfall, with overall catchment salinity inversely proportional to average annual rainfall, and groundwater salinity ‘hotspots’ (EC >8 mS/cm) associated with geological formations comprising sulfidic marine siltstones and shales, (4) shallow groundwater correlated with elevated stream salinity, implying that baseflow contributed to stream salt loads, with most of the annual salt load (estimated to be 24,500 tonnes) occurring in winter when baseflow volume was highest. Salt-load analysis using stream data could be a practical, low-cost technique to rapidly target the investigation of problem areas within a catchment.  相似文献   

华北地区夏季水资源特征分析及其对气候变化的响应(Ⅱ): 华北地区夏季水量丰、枯与气候变化的关系   总被引：15，自引：5，他引：10  

范广洲  吕世华  程国栋 《高原气象》2002,21(1):45-51

利用NCEP／NCAR近40年的再分析资料,简单统计分析了华北地区夏季（7－8月）气温或（和）降水变化对该区夏季水资源的影响。结果表明,华北地区夏季水量丰、枯与气温、降水有较好的相关关系。文中还建立了气温或（和）降水变化对水资源各分量影响的简单统计评估模型。利用这些模型,模拟研究了华北地区水资源各分量对不同气候变化情况的响应,取得了一些有意义的结构。  相似文献   

Image processing analysis in reconstructing fragmentation and transportation mechanisms of pyroclastic deposits. The case of Monte Pilato-Rocche Rosse eruptions, Lipari (Aeolian islands, Italy)   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

P. Dellino  L. La Volpe 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1996,71(1):13-29

A quantitative study of particle morphology of samples from Monte Pilato-Rocche Rosse deposits, Lipari (Aeolian islands, Italy) shows a significant variability in particle structure and texture. The study consisted of image processing techniques and multivariate statistical methods in analysis of the quantitative particle morphology data, with the goal of identifying the genetic processes responsible for the formation of the deposits. From these investigations we numerically define the form of the clasts, thus avoiding subjectivity in the classification of clast morphology. Starting from this clast definition, we then construct diagrams in which clasts due to different genetic processes (i.e., magmatic vs. hydromagmatic fragmentation), are discriminated based on simple nondimensional parameters. The application of the methods used seems to be of general interest in discriminating the fragmentation and transportation dynamics responsible for the formation of pyroclastic deposits.  相似文献   

应用最佳回归方法确定局部区域GPS网的正常高     

吴江飞  吕志平 《测绘工程》1996,5(1):21-25

针对常用的几种几何方法在实用中的局限性，提出了一种经过改进的多元回归方法。试验结果表明，应用该方法，可使正常高求解精度明显改善。  相似文献   

Effects Of Geomagnetic Storms – Different Morphology and Origin in the Upper Middle Atmosphere and the Troposphere     

Laštovička  Jan 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1997,41(1):73-81

Compiling various experimental as well as theoretical results, we find that the effects of geomagnetic storms in the upper middle atmosphere (heights about 60 – 100 km) and the troposphere are of different morphology, origin and nature.  相似文献   

Stratospheric ozone variability near the IMF sector boundary     

Jan Laštovička  Manuel Gil  Reviewer L. Křivský 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1988,32(3):313-317

Summary We search for the effects of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) sector boundary crossing (SBC) in upper stratospheric ozone. The SBUV data (Nimbus-7) at the 10, 3 and 1 hPa levels are analysed for latitudes 45° N and 55° N for winters of the period December 1979 to December 1982. An effect of the IMF SBC wos only found at the 10 hPa level. These first results concerning the IMF SBC effect in upper stratospheric ozone are rather preliminary.

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¶rt;m uu nu mau () nam aum n () a mam. SBUV ¶rt;a (u-7) a nm ¶rt;au 10, 3 u 1a aauum ¶rt; um 45° u 55° . . ua nu¶rt;a ¶rt;a 1979 – ¶rt;a 1982. m uu a¶rt; m a 10a. mu n mam n uuu a mam m n¶rt;aumu.

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Effects of the interplanetary magnetic field sector structure in the winter ionosphere     

Jan Laštovička  Reviewer L. Křivský 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1986,30(3):297-303

Summary The ionospheric effects of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) sector boundary crossings are studied for the winters of 1963–69. They are considerably stronger for proton than for non-proton sector boundaries. There are two different types of effects. The geomagnetic type is a disturbance, observed in geomagnetic activity, the night-time ionosphere and the day-time F2 region near the geomagnetic equator. The effect in the ionosphere is interpreted in terms of the IMF sector boundary crossing related changes in geomagnetic activity. The tropospheric type is aquietening, observed in tropospheric vorticity and in the day-time mid-and low-latitude ionosphere (except the geomagnetic equator region). The mechanism of this effect remains unexplained.

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¶rt;m u m nu mau nam aum n () ¶rt; u 1963–69. u m u ¶rt; nm ¶rt; a mau. mm ¶rt;a m¶rt; muna m. aum m u, a¶rt;a aum amumu, u u ¶rt; F2 amu uuaum ama. mu u m ¶rt;mu uu aum amumu, m a nu mau . n mun m nu, a¶rt; aumu mn u ¶rt; ¶rt;- u uum u (a uu amuaum ama). au m ma um.

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Petrogenesis of Monte Vulture volcano (Italy): inferences from mineral chemistry,major and trace element data     

M. De Fino  L. La Volpe  A. Peccerillo  G. Piccarreta  G. Poli 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,92(2):135-145

The paper presents major and trace element data and mineral compositions for a series of foiditic-tephritic to phonolitic rocks coming from Monte Vulture, Southern Italy, and investigates their origin, evolution and relationship with the other centres of the Roman province.Major and trace element variation in the foiditic to tephritic suite agrees with a hypothesis of evolution by simple crystal/liquid fractionation, whereas the early erupted phonolitic trachytes and phonolites have geochemical characteristics which do not support their derivation from tephritic magma by crystal fractionation. Foiditic and phonolitic rocks have mineral compositions which are interpreted as indicating magma mixing. However geochemical evidence shows that this process did not play an important role during the magma evolution.The Vulture rocks have compositional peculiarities such as high abundance of Na₂O, CaO, Cl and S, when compared with other Roman volcanics. Instead, the distribution of incompatible elements is similar to those of Roman rocks, except for a lower content of Rb and K, higher P and lower Th/Ta and Th/Nb ratios which are still close to the values of arc volcanics.The high contents of Na, Ca and of volatile components are tentatively attributed to the interaction of magma with aqueous solutions, rich in calcium sulphate and sodium chloride, related to the Miocene or Triassic evaporites occurring within the sedimentary sequence underlying the volcano. The distribution pattern of the incompatible elements is interpreted as indicative of magma-forming in a subduction modified upper mantle and of the peculiar location of M. Vulture.  相似文献