Earthquakes in Switzerland and surrounding regions during 2003     

Nicolas Deichmann  Manfred Baer  Jochen Braunmiller  Cécile Cornou  Donat Fäh  Domenico Giardini  Monika Gisler  Sarah Huber  Stephan Husen  Philipp Kästli  Urs Kradolfer  Martin Mai  Silvio Maraini  Ivo Oprsal  Thomas Schler  Danijel Schorlemmer  Stefan Wiemer  Jochen Wössner  Adrian Wyss 《Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae》2004,97(3):447-458

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The pattern and influence of low dissolved oxygen in the Patuxent River,a seasonally hypoxic estuary     

Denise?L.?BreitburgEmail author  Aaron?Adamack  Kenneth?A.?Rose  Sarah?E.?Kolesar  Beth?Decker  Jennifer?E.?Purcell  Julie?E.?Keister  James?H.?Cowan 《Estuaries and Coasts》2003,26(2):280-297

Increased nutrient loadings have resulted in low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in bottom waters of the Patuxent River, a tributary of Chesapeake Bay. We synthesize existing and newly collected data to examine spatial and temporal variation in bottom DO, the prevalence of hypoxia-induced mortality of fishes, the tolerance of Patuxent River biota to low DO, and the influence of bottom DO on the vertical distributions and spatial overlap of larval fish and fish eggs with their gelatinous predators and zooplankton prey. We use this information, as well as output from watershed-quality and water-quality models, to configure a spatially-explicit individual-based model to predict how changing land use within the Patuxent watershed may affect survival of early life stages of summer breeding fishes through its effect on DO. Bottom waters in much of the mesohaline Patuxent River are below 50% DO saturation during summer. The system is characterized by high spatial and temporal variation in DO concentrations, and the current severity and extent of hypoxia are sufficient to alter distributions of organisms and trophic interactions in the river. Gelatinous zooplankton are among the most tolerant species of hypoxia, while several of the ecologically and economically important finfish are among the most sensitive. This variation in DO tolerances may make the Patuxent River, and similar estuaries, particularly susceptible to hypoxia-induced alterations in food web dynamics. Model simulations consistently predict high mortality of planktonic bay anchovy eggs (Anchoa mitchilli) under current DO, and increasing survival of fish eggs with increasing DO. Changes in land use that reduce nutrient loadings may either increase or decrease predation mortality of larval fish depending on the baseline DO conditions at any point in space and time. A precautionary approach towards fisheries and ecosystem management would recommend reducing nutrients to levels at which low oxygen effects on estuarine habitat are reduced and, where possible, eliminated.  相似文献   

Space Operation and Performance of Doped Germanium Photo-Conducting Detectors in the Far Infrared: Experience from the ISO LWS     

Bruce Swinyard  Peter Clegg  Sarah Leeks  Matt Griffin  Tanya Lim  Martin Burgdorf 《Experimental Astronomy》2000,10(2-3):157-176

The performance of the ten doped germaniumphotoconducting detectors on the Infrared SpaceObservatory Long Wavelength Spectrometer is discussed. This instrument was designed to make spectroscopicmeasurements of astronomical sources in the wavelengthrange from 43 to 198 m. It employed^* a combination of stressed and unstressed Ge:Ga detectorsand one Ge:Be detector coupled to Infrared Labs JF-4integrating amplifiers. The performance of thedetectors was affected by the ionising radiation inthe space environment. The Noise Equivalent Power ofthe detectors increased by a factor of 4 compared tothat measured during ground testing. We show thatthis was the result of reducing the operating bias,and therefore the responsivity, of the detectors andusing shorter integration ramps to alleviate theeffects of the ionising radiation impacts. ^ast ISO exhausted its helium supply on 8 April 1998.  相似文献   

Gated communities in England: historical perspectives and current developments   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Sarah Blandy 《GeoJournal》2006,66(1-2):15-26

It is important to analyse the growth of gated communities and the drivers for their supply and demand, within the context specific to each country’s history. This article uses findings from recent studies of gated communities in England, together with historical material, to explore their typology. It considers the changing social, economic and political conditions which may lead to the emergence of defended collective housing, together with the history of property relations and the concept of public/private land within the English context.  相似文献   

Determination of melt influence on divalent element partitioning between anorthite and CMAS melts     

Sarah A. Miller  P.D. Asimow  D.S. Burnett 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2006,70(16):4258-4274

We propose a theory for crystal-melt trace element partitioning that considers the energetic consequences of crystal-lattice strain, of multi-component major-element silicate liquid mixing, and of trace-element activity coefficients in melts. We demonstrate application of the theory using newly determined partition coefficients for Ca, Mg, Sr, and Ba between pure anorthite and seven CMAS liquid compositions at 1330 °C and 1 atm. By selecting a range of melt compositions in equilibrium with a common crystal composition at equal liquidus temperature and pressure, we have isolated the contribution of melt composition to divalent trace element partitioning in this simple system. The partitioning data are fit to Onuma curves with parameterizations that can be thermodynamically rationalized in terms of the melt major element activity product (a_Al2O3)(a_SiO2)² and lattice strain theory modeling. Residuals between observed partition coefficients and the lattice strain plus major oxide melt activity model are then attributed to non-ideality of trace constituents in the liquids. The activity coefficients of the trace species in the melt are found to vary systematically with composition. Accounting for the major and trace element thermodynamics in the melt allows a good fit in which the parameters of the crystal-lattice strain model are independent of melt composition.  相似文献   

The contribution of Very Long Baseline Interferometry to ITRF2005     

Markus Vennebusch  Sarah Böckmann  Axel Nothnagel 《Journal of Geodesy》2007,81(6-8):553-564

The contribution of the International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS) to the ITRF2005 (International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2005) has been computed by the IVS Analysis Coordinator’s office at the Geodetic Institute of the University of Bonn, Germany. For this purpose the IVS Analysis Centres (ACs) provided datum-free normal equation matrices in Solution INdependent EXchange (SINEX) format for each 24 h observing session to be combined on a session-by-session basis by a stacking procedure. In this process, common sets of parameters, transformed to identical reference epochs and a prioris, and especially representative relative weights have been taken into account for each session. In order to assess the quality of the combined IVS files, Earth orientation parameters (EOPs) and scaling factors have been derived from the combined normal equation matrices. The agreement of the EOPs of the combined normal equation matrices with those of the individual ACs in terms of weighted root mean square (WRMS) is in the range of 50–60 μas for the two polar motion components and about 3 μs for UT1−UTC. External comparisons with International GNSS Serive (IGS) polar motion components is at the level of 130–170 μas and 21 μs/day for length of day (LOD). The scale of the terrestrial reference frame realized through the IVS SINEX files agrees with ITRF2000 at the level of 0.2 ppb.  相似文献   

Multivariate Analysis of Ground Water and Soil Data from a Waste Disposal Site   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Kevin G. Mumford  John F. MacGregor  Sarah E. Dickson  Richard H. Frappa 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》2007,27(1):92-102

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Magmatic 87Sr/86Sr relicts in hydrothermally altered quartz diorites (Brabant Massif,Belgium) and the role of epidote as a Sr filter     

Luc André  Sarah Deutsch 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,92(1):104-112

The porphyritic quartz diorites of the Caledonian Brabant Massif have been totally altered. Ca, Rb, Sr, Zr, Ce, Y measurements and Sr-Nd isotopic analyses were performed on the Quenast plug and the Lessines sill, in an attempt to study the relative mobility of Sr and evaluate the extent, direction and magnitude of the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr alterations. Sr electron microprobe analyses of epidote were also carried out to assess its role in the Sr distribution.The initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio is shown to have had an unsteady behaviour during the studied water/rock interactions since it has been sometimes enhanced, sometimes depressed and occasionally not modified. The possibility and magnitude of the ⁸⁷Sr contamination turn out to be strictly related to the degree of Sr accommodation in the secondary minerals. Epidote in particular has proved to be the main trap for the hydrothermal Sr and this mineral is thus regarded as the major controlling factor of ⁸⁷Sr hydrothermal contamination. The epidote-poor rocks (albite+chlorite-rich rocks) seem to have been unaffected by any Sr interchange with the aqueous solutions. Therefore, as alteration quickly follows the crystallization of the magma, their initial ⁸⁷Sr/ ⁸⁶Sr ratio, which is deduced from an isochron, might be a primary petrogenetic feature enabling interpretation of the genesis of their parental magmas. On the other hand, in the epidote-rich rocks, this ratio has been readily altered; it could thus generally be used only to trace the origin of the hydrothermal solutions. As a consequence, these rocks should not be selected for dating an alteration event by the Rb-Sr method.  相似文献   

Using climate finance to advance climate justice: the politics and practice of channelling resources to the local level     

Sarah Colenbrander  David Dodman  Diana Mitlin 《Climate Policy》2018,18(7):902-915

Adaptation finance is primarily allocated to multilateral entities and national governments, rather than local organizations. This means that the social, political and economic processes that create and sustain inequalities within a country will be the same processes that determine how adaptation finance is used. Using an urban lens, we consider the obstacles currently faced by local governments and local civil society groups in accessing adaptation finance, and show that these are a function of systemic power imbalances between levels of government, and between government and vulnerable communities. We argue that even relatively small amounts of adaptation finance could have a catalytic effect on the capacities and impacts of local organizations, contributing to greater levels of both distributive and procedural justice. We analyse different financial intermediaries and planning systems that could be used to make disbursements from multilateral climate funds fairer and more effective. This could potentially create political opportunities both to respond to direct climate threats and to address underlying drivers of vulnerability, such as marginalization and exclusion. In this way, channelling adaptation finance to the local level could deliver more just processes and outcomes.

Key policy insights

1. More multilateral climate funds should establish direct access modalities, and introduce ‘fit-for-purpose’ accreditation procedures and approval processes. Those that have already established such enabling frameworks should prioritize providing readiness support to local organizations, and incentivize state and citizen collaboration in adaptation projects.

2. National governments should consider clearly enshrining the rights and responsibilities of local authorities in National Adaptation Plans, and help them to collect the information, build the capacities and acquire the resources needed to plan and implement adaptation measures. National governments should further encourage local authorities to adopt participatory planning, budgeting, monitoring and evaluation procedures to encourage citizen participation.

3. Local civil society groups should identify or establish collective entities that can seek accreditation with multilateral funds and then disburse money to their members. Collaboration between groups can facilitate up-scaling through replication (particularly where peer-to-peer learning is embedded in the network) and reduce the transaction costs associated with myriad small projects.

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Impact of climate change on potential evapotranspiration under a historical and future climate scenario in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,China     

Liu  Qin  Yan  Changrong  Ju  Hui  Garré  Sarah 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2018,132(1-2):387-401

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - Climate change is widely accepted to be one of the most critical problems faced by the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain (3H Plain), which is a region in which there is an...  相似文献