A system dynamics approach for urban water reuse planning: a case study from the Great Lakes region   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

Fuzhan Nasiri  Troy Savage  Ranran Wang  Nico Barawid  Julie B. Zimmerman 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2013,27(3):675-691

Water reclamation and reuse practices are recently receiving growing attention due to increasing water scarcity, concerns about the effect of wastewater discharges on receiving water, and availability of high-performing and cost-effective water reuse technologies. However, incorporation of water reuse schemes into water/wastewater infrastructure systems is a complex decision making process, involving various economical, technological, and environmental criteria. System dynamics (SD) allows modeling of complex systems and provides information about the temporal and feedback behavior of the system. In this sense, a SD model of the existing water/wastewater system in Kalamazoo-Michigan, an urban area in the Great Lakes region, was created with the hypothetical incorporation of water reuse. The model simulates and optimizes the overall water system cost (including water, wastewater and water reuse components), accounting for future scenarios of population, economic growth and climate change. Results indicate significant levels of water reuse after an infrastructure build delay. The model also indicates that a decision to implement water reuse yields remarkably lower water withdrawals and lower water treatment costs even in a location with a relatively abundant water supply like Kalamazoo. This study emphasizes the fact that a true understanding of the practice of water reuse cannot be achieved without taking regional and climatic parameters into account.  相似文献   

Open water evaporation estimation for a small shallow reservoir in winter using surface renewal     

M.G. Mengistu  M.J. Savage 《Journal of Hydrology》2010,380(1-2):27-35

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对F Rolandone等所作“沿圣安德烈斯断层蠕变部分的无震滑动和垂直断层应变”一文的评论     

J C Savage  周平博 《国际地震动态》2010,(6):36-38

Rolandone等2008年报告了加州中部邻近圣安德烈斯蠕变部分的应变率的估计值。其中部分应变率估计值是基于从短程数据（例如2003年4月-2004年8月）推出的遗迹速度（其中包括2003．975圣锡米恩和2004．744帕克菲尔德地震的同震校正）。  相似文献   

Continuously tropical: Former editors and future tropical geographies     

Victor R. Savage  James D. Sidaway 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2010,31(2):141-142

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Astrometry of Southern radio sources     

Graeme L. White  David L. Jauncey  Bruce R. Harvey  Ann Savage  Samuel Gulkis  Robert A. Preston  Bruce A. Peterson  John E. Reynolds  George D. Nicolson  D. F. Malin 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1991,177(1-2):79-83

An overview is presented of a number of astrometry and astrophysics programs based on radio sources from the Parkes 2.7 GHz catalogues. The programs cover the optical identification and spectroscopy of flat-spectrum Parkes sources and the determination of their milliarc-second radio structures and positions. Work is also in progress to tie together the radio and Hipparcos positional reference frames. A parallel program of radio and optical astrometry of southern radio stars is also under way.  相似文献   

OOI JIN BEE RETIRES     

Victor R Savage 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》1992,12(2):i-ii

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On the state of stress in the near-surface of the earth's crust   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

W. Z. Savage  H. S. Swolfs  B. Amadei 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1992,138(2):207-228

Five models for near-surface crustal stresses induced by gravity and horizontal deformation and the influence of rock property contrasts, rock strength, and stress relaxation on these stresses are presented. Three of the models—the lateral constraint model, the model for crustal stresses caused by horizontal deformation, and the model for the effects of anisotropy—are linearly elastic. The other two models assume that crustal rocks are brittle or viscoelastic in order to account for the effects of rock strength and time on near-surface stresses. It is shown that the lateral constraint model is simply a special case of the combined gravity-and deformation-induced stress field when horizontal strains vanish and that the inclusion of the effect of rock anisotropy in the solution for crustal stresses caused by gravity and horizontal deformation broadens the range for predicted stresses. It is also shown that when stress levels in the crust reach the limits of brittle rock strength, these stresses become independent of strain rates and that stress relaxation in ductile crustal rocks subject to constant horizontal strain rates causes horizontal stresses to become independent of time in the long term.  相似文献   

Cyanide Chemistry in Comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1)     

Ziurys LM  Savage C  Brewster MA  Apponi AJ  Pesch TC  Wyckoff S 《The Astrophysical journal》1999,527(1):L67-L71

Observations of comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1) have been carried out near perihelion (1997 March) at millimeter wavelengths using the NRAO 12 m telescope. The J=1-->0, 2-->1, and 3-->2 lines of HCN at 88, 177, and 265 GHz were measured in the comet as well as the J=3-->2 lines of H13CN, HC15N, and HNC. The N=2-->1 transition of CN near 226 GHz was also detected, and an upper limit was obtained for the J=2-->1 line of HCNH+. From the measurements, column densities and production rates have been estimated. A column density ratio of [HCN]/[HNC] = 7+/-1 was observed near perihelion, while it was found that [HCN]/[HCNH+] greater, similar 1. The production rates at perihelion for HCN and CN were estimated to be Q(HCN) approximately 1x1028 s-1 and Q(CN) approximately 2.6x1027 s-1, respectively, resulting in a ratio of [HCN]/[CN] approximately 3. Consequently, HCN is sufficiently abundant to be the parent molecule of CN in Hale-Bopp, and HCNH+ could be a source of HNC. Finally, carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of 12C/13C = 109+/-22 and 14N/15N = 330+/-98 were obtained from HCN measurements, in agreement with previous values obtained from J=4-->3 data. Such ratios suggest that comet Hale-Bopp formed coevally with the solar system.  相似文献   

A study of small aftershocks of the Oroville California, earthquake sequence of August 1975     

William U. Savage  Don Tocher  Phillip C. Birkhahn 《Engineering Geology》1976,10(2-4):371-385

The August 1, 1975 earthquake near Oroville, California, occurred along the Sierra foothills in a region characterized by occasional moderate earthquakes. Several earthquakes in the general region, including those in 1869, 1875, and 1909, appear to have had significant aftershock sequences. The general character of the aftershock sequence of the Oroville earthquake thus does not appear to be anomalous when measured against the known seismic history of this area.

Four smoked-paper micro-earthquake recorders were deployed immediately following the occurrence of the main earthquake to attempt to define the structural associations of the principal earthquake by location and analysis of aftershocks. Focal locations for 243 micro-earthquakes in the magnitude range of 1–3 were selected from the 30-day period (August 2–September 1), during which monitoring was continued. The aftershocks clearly define a planar surface striking north–south and dipping west at 62° from the surface to a depth of about 12 km. Aftershocks during the first two days of monitoring defined a surface of active faulting of approximately 100 km². Extension of this surface both to the north and south began on August 5 at focal depths of 5–10 km, resulting in a total ruptured area of approximately 125 km². The number of aftershocks per day decreased at the rate oft^−1.1, but the decay curve was punctuated by several secondary aftershock sequences. No. direct relationship between the aftershock sequence and the presence of Oroville Reservoir was observed.  相似文献   

Variation in fold geometry in the Yuso basin, northern Spain: implications for the deformation regime     

Ben A van der Pluijm  John F Savage  Caspar H Kaars-Sijpesteijn 《Journal of Structural Geology》1986,8(8)

First generation structures in greywackes of the Yuso Group from the Cantabrian Mountains of northern Spain show a distinct variation in geometry with depth in a regional synclinal structure (Curavacas and Lechada synclines); they are easily distinguished from other deformation events. In the structurally uppermost level we find ‘flap folds’. Flap folds are recumbent structures with the inverted limb preserved. Below this level ‘cascade folds’ are found. These structures have a vergence opposite to that of parasitic folds. The nomenclature adopted is from Harrison and Falcon. Characteristically, these structures have shallowly dipping axial surfaces, in agreement with the shallow dip of the axial plane (regional) cleavage. In the lowermost structural level, upright parasitic folds with a steep cleavage are present. The variation in fold geometry is accompanied by a general steepening of the regional cleavage with increasing depth. In the absence of overprinting relationships the F₁ fold geometries are included in a single deformation event.The steepening of the cleavage with depth reflects the change in orientation of the maximum shortening direction from sub-vertical in the upper part of the syncline to sub-horizontal in the lower part. With increasing depth the deformation regime during F₁ changed from bending to buckling. The deformation regime on the regional scale, however, is associated with basement subsidence and passive formation of the regional synclinal structure. Furthermore, the absence of a distinct microfabric for the different F₁ folds indicates that on a small scale a similar deformation regime was present. We conclude, therefore, that the scale at which we study a structure only reflects the deformation regime at that particular scale. Consequently, the overall deformation regime cannot be determined from single outcrops or microstructural analysis alone.  相似文献