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141.
142.
This paper analyses the role played by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in the creation of drought conditions in a semi-arid
region of north-east Spain (the middle Ebro valley), from 1600 to the year 2000. The study used documents from ecclesiastical
archives for the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. For the twentieth century, instrumental precipitation records
were used as well. A December–August drought index from 1600 to 1900 was compiled from the historical documentary sources
(rogation ceremonies). The index was validated by means of precipitation records between 1858 and 1900 and independent precipitation
data from 1600 reconstructed by means of dendrochronological records. Using instrumental data a drought index was also calculated
(Standardized Precipitation Index, SPI) for the 1958–2000 period. We found that the NAO was important in explaining the droughts
identified in the study area from documents and instrumental data. Positive values of the winter NAO index are prone to cause
droughts in the middle Ebro valley. This finding has been verified since 1600 by means of two independent reconstructions
of the winter NAO index. The same behaviour has been observed during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries by means of instrumental
records. The climatic and geographic factors that explain the high influence of North Atlantic Oscillation on droughts in
this region are discussed in depth. 相似文献
143.
K. M. Yeager P. H. Santschi K. J. Schindler M. J. Andres E. A. Weaver 《Estuaries and Coasts》2006,29(3):443-454
Determining sources of sediment to coastal systems is an important and complex problem that figures prominently in a myriad
of geological, geomorphological, geochemical, and biological processes. Lithogenic (226Ra,228Ra,228Th,230Th,232Th) and fallout (137Cs,210Pb) isotopes were employed in conjunction with sedimentological methods to determine rates of sedimentation in the Nueces
Delta and Nueces-Corpus Christi Estuary and to assess the relative importance of marine versus terrestrial sediment sources
to the estuary. Similarity of lithogenic isotope ratios in surface sediments throughout the system precluded a numeric approach
to discerning the importance of each of the two large scale sediment sources (terrestrial and marine). A stepwise, graphical
examination of discrete lithogenic isotope activity concentrations shows more promise. Terrestrial, marine, and bay sediment
means for226Ra versus232Th,226Ra versus230Th, and228Ra versus232Th show that terrestrial and marine sediment sources have different signatures, despite having similar grain size distributions
(sands), and that sediment deposited in Nueces and Corpus Christi Bays are indistinguishable from the terrestrial component.
Supporting evidence is provided by thorium isotopes,230Th versus232Th,228Th versus232Th, and228Th versus230Th. Nueces Delta sedimentation (0.09–0.53 g cm−2 yr−1) shows a subtle gradient, with rates generally lower in the west and progressively higher moving east, likely reflecting
contrasts in land use and topography. Nueces Bay cores differ from those in Corpus Christi Bay in that sands comprise a larger
percentage of their composition, and they are mixed over greater depth, most likely due to geographic and physiographic effects.
Sediment accumulation rates consistently decrease over the first 20 km from the Nueces River and become constant after that,
implying that the river is the most significant source of sediment to the estuary. The interpretation of sediment supply to
this estuary as dominated by terrestrial inputs is based on three complimentary sets of data: sediment grain size distributions,
discrete lithogenic isotope data (Ra versus Th and Th versus Th), and sediment accumulation rates for both Nueces and Corpus
Christi Bays. 相似文献
144.
Giant versus small porphyry copper deposits of Cenozoic age in northern Chile: adakitic versus normal calc-alkaline magmatism 总被引:63,自引:0,他引:63
Roberto Oyarzun Alvaro Márquez Javier Lillo Ivan López Sergio Rivera 《Mineralium Deposita》2001,36(8):794-798
Cenozoic magmatic activity in northern Chile led to the formation of two contrasting porphyry copper belts: (1) a Paleocene-Early Eocene belt comprising small porphyry copper deposits (e.g., Lomas Bayas) of normal calc-alkaline affinity; and (2) a Late Eocene-Early Oligocene belt hosting huge porphyry copper deposits (e.g., Chuquicamata) of adakitic affinity. Although the first belt comprises both volcanic and plutonic rocks (andesitic-basaltic and rhyolitic lavas and tuffs, and associated sub-volcanic porphyries and felsic stocks), the latter only includes intrusions (mostly granodioritic types, including porphyry copper deposits). We suggest that the Late Eocene-Early Oligocene belt formed when fast and oblique convergence between the South America and Farallon plates led to flat subduction and direct melting of the subducting plate, hence giving rise to plutonic rocks of adakitic affinity. The absence of volcanism, under prevailing compressional conditions, prevented the escape of SO2 from the adakitic, sulfur-rich, highly oxidized magmas ("closed porphyry system"), which allowed formation of huge mineral deposits. On the contrary, coeval volcanic activity during formation of the Paleocene-Early Eocene calc-alkaline porphyries allowed development of "open systems", hence to outgassing, and therefore, to small mineral deposits. 相似文献
145.
José F. Gómez Joaquín Trapero Sergio Pascual Nimesh Patel Carmen Morales José M. Torrelles 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2000,314(4):743-746
We present NH3 (1,1) and (2,2) observations of MBM 12, the closest known molecular cloud (65-pc distance), aimed at finding evidence for on-going star formation processes. No local temperature (with a T rot upper limit of 12 K) or linewidth enhancement is found, which suggests that the area of the cloud that we have mapped (15-arcmin size) is not currently forming stars. Therefore this nearby 'starless' molecular gas region is an ideal laboratory to study the physical conditions preceding new star formation.
A radio continuum source has been found in Very Large Array archive data, close to but outside the NH3 emission. This source is likely to be a background object. 相似文献
A radio continuum source has been found in Very Large Array archive data, close to but outside the NH
146.
Antonella Amoruso Luca Crescentini Marco Petitta Sergio Rusi Marco Tallini 《水文研究》2011,25(11):1754-1764
The Mw = 6·3 L'Aquila earthquake on 6 April 2009 produced a mainshock that caused significant changes in the hydrogeology of the Gran Sasso carbonate fractured aquifer: (i) the sudden disappearance at the time of the mainshock of some springs located exactly along the surface trace of the Paganica normal fault (PF); (ii) an immediate increase in the discharge of the Gran Sasso highway tunnel drainages and of other springs and (iii) a progressive increase of the water table elevation at the boundary of the Gran Sasso aquifer during the following months. Using the data collected since the 1990s that include aftershock monitoring as well as data regarding spring discharge, water table elevations, turbidity and rainfall events, a conceptual model of the earthquake's consequences on the Gran Sasso aquifer is proposed herein. In this model that excludes the contribution of seasonal recharge, the short‐term hydrologic effects registered immediately after the mainshock are determined to have been caused by a pore pressure increase related to aquifer deformation. Mid‐term effects observed in the months following the mainshock suggest that there was a change in groundwater hydrodynamics. Supplementary groundwater that flows towards aquifer boundaries and springs in discharge areas reflects a possible increase in hydraulic conductivity in the recharge area, nearby the earthquake fault zone. This increase can be attributed to fracture clearing and/or dilatancy. Simulations by numerical modelling, related to pore pressure and permeability changes with time, show results in accordance with observed field data, supporting the conceptual model and confirming the processes that influenced the answer of the Gran Sasso aquifer to the L'Aquila earthquake. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
147.
Tephrochronology is a powerful tool for dating sedimentary sequences, especially in Patagonia, where a large number of active volcanoes have produced frequent historical eruptions. Short lacustrine sedimentary sequences were extracted from the lakes Moreno Oeste and Ton?ek (Nahuel Huapi National Park). Seventeen volcanic ash layers were identified in both cores, 210Pb and 137Cs were used for dating techniques, and historical volcanic records were employed for correlation. White pumice and glass shards from the tephras were characterised by measuring major and trace element contents by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Two volcanic sources – the Cordón Caulle and the Calbuco volcanoes – were recognised as the prevailing systems that impacted the area in the past 800–1000 a. The Calbuco volcano was mainly responsible for the nine tephras identified in the Lake Ton?ek sequence. Four of these nine tephras also contained material from the Cordón Caulle complex, and could be interpreted as composite tephras or possible reworked ones. The Calbuco volcano showed predominant influences in the Lake Moreno Oeste sequence. Six of the eight tephras identified in such a sequence were from the Calbuco volcano, and three of these six contained material from the Cordón Caulle complex. The other two were from the Cordón Caulle complex, with contributions from the Calbuco volcano in one of them. These findings show that the high frequency of volcanic events in the study region demands an accurate characterisation of the products generated by each source, as well as an evaluation of their spatial distribution, to obtain a consistent framework for dating recent environmental changes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
148.
J. Ignacio Martínez Yusuke Yokoyama Andres Gomez Adriana Delgado Hiroyuki Matsuzaki Esteban Rendon 《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2010,29(2):214-224
The detailed stratigraphic survey and paleontological study (mollusks, corals, foraminifera and ostracods) of four low-level, ~3 m, marine terrace sections: Punta Canoas, Manzanillo del Mar, Playa de Oro, and Tierra Bomba Island, from the Cartagena region, southern Caribbean, supplemented with 22 radiocarbon dates, reveals that the northern terraces were deposited as parasequences in a clastic depositional system compared to the Tierra Bomba Island succession that was deposited in a carbonate depositional system between ~3600 and ~1700 cal yrs BP. Drier conditions and the southern location of the ITCZ at about 3 ka triggered stronger easterly Trades and more dynamic southwestward sediment drift fed by the Magdalena River mouth, thus promoting the formation of sand spits that ultimately isolated the Cienaga de Tesca coastal lagoon from the Caribbean Sea. Our estimates support the hypothesis that the present position of the terraces is the product of neotectonism rather than a higher 3 ka, sea-level. Upheaval of the terraces varies between ~3.8 mmyr?1 at Punta Canoas and ~2.2 mmyr?1 at Tierra Bomba to ~1.5 mmyr?1 at Manzanillo del Mar and Playa de Oro terraces. Our study corroborates previous contentions on the role of mud diapirism and the dynamics of the Dique Fault as late Holocene upheaval mechanisms. 相似文献
149.
150.
Luc Anselin Sergio J. Rey Wenwen Li 《International journal of geographical information science》2014,28(11):2261-2280
Within a CyberGIS environment, the development of effective mechanisms to encode metadata for spatial analytical methods and to track the provenance of operations is a key requirement. Spatial weights are a fundamental element in a wide range of spatial analysis methods that deal with testing for and estimating models with spatial autocorrelation. They form the link between the data structure in a GIS and the spatial analysis methods. Over time, the number of formats for spatial weights implemented in software has proliferated, without any standard or easy interoperability. In this paper, we propose a flexible format that provides a way to ensure interoperability within a cyberinfrastructure environment. We illustrate the format with an application of a spatial weights web service, which is part of an evolving spatial analytical workbench. We describe an approach to embed provenance in spatial weights structures and illustrate the performance of the web service by means of a number of small experiments. 相似文献