阿拉斯加北极地区的工程设计和施工经验及教训   总被引：13，自引：7，他引：6  

金会军  Max C.Brewer 《冰川冻土》2005,27(1):140-146

阿拉斯加北极地区位于布鲁克斯山以北, 白令海峡以东的北坡地区, 属北极海洋性气候区. 区内寒冷( -10 ～ -6 ℃)、连续多年冻土厚度多在200～300 m, 局部达700 m. 地表湖塘和冰楔多边形广泛分布. 阿拉斯加北极地区的工程建筑活动主要为海军部和商业石油勘探、开发和运输服务. 从20世纪40年代以来, 尽管有不少的曲折和教训, 但成功和可以借鉴的经验很多. 最成功的例子当数普如道湾油气田开发、阿里亚斯卡输油管道工程及其相应的环境保护措施. 工程师为了成功和经济地在北极地区修筑和运行工程设施, 必须从"冷"处着想, 并付诸计划和行动. 设计和施工的工程师必须保持实事求是、不断创新精神, 而不拘泥于中纬度地区的教育、培训, 或行业传统. 从工程勘察、设计到施工阶段, 工程师和从事环境研究的科学家必须密切合作. 工程师需要知道环境参数, 制约因素和可利用的机会; 环境科学家需要知道工程师的施工设计和问题, 理解工程限制条件、设备工作能力, 以及备选方案的经济学问题. 这些相互理解只能在密切合作中形成, 并能创造工程经济效益和奇迹.  相似文献   

The WTO and the Kyoto Protocol: interaction issues     

Thomas L. Brewer 《Climate Policy》2013,13(1):3-12

Abstract

This article builds upon the broad survey of climate-trade interactions in Part 1, by focusing upon the specific issues in the interaction of the WTO and the Kyoto Protocol.¹ It classifies the various issues into three groups according to their potential to cause problems and relative urgency. The article gives special attention to issues that are problematic because of the likelihood of occurrence of specific conflicts and the significance of their economic and/or political consequences. It concludes that although there are many interactions that are not problematic and some that offer the potential for win—win outcomes, the possibility of offsetting border measures that could be applied against energy-intensive imports from the USA may become a particularly nettlesome issue.  相似文献   

Development and deployment of a precision underwater positioning system for in situ laser Raman spectroscopy in the deep ocean     

Sheri N. White  William Kirkwood  Alana Sherman  Mark Brown  Richard Henthorn  Karen Salamy  Peter Walz  Edward T. Peltzer  Peter G. Brewer 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2005,52(12):2376-2389

The field of ocean geochemistry has recently been expanded to include in situ laser Raman spectroscopic measurements in the deep ocean. While this technique has proved to be successful for transparent targets, such as fluids and gases, difficulty exists in using deep submergence vehicle manipulators to position and control the very small laser spot with respect to opaque samples of interest, such as many rocks, minerals, bacterial mats, and seafloor gas hydrates. We have developed, tested, and successfully deployed by remotely operated vehicle (ROV) a precision underwater positioner (PUP) which provides the stability and precision movement required to perform spectroscopic measurements using the Deep Ocean Raman In situ Spectrometer (DORISS) instrument on opaque targets in the deep ocean for geochemical research. The positioner is also adaptable to other sensors, such as electrodes, which require precise control and positioning on the seafloor. PUP is capable of translating the DORISS optical head with a precision of 0.1 mm in three dimensions over a range of at least 15 cm, at depths up to 4000 m, and under the normal range of oceanic conditions (T, P, current velocity). The positioner is controlled, and spectra are obtained, in real time via Ethernet by scientists aboard the surface vessel. This capability has allowed us to acquire high quality Raman spectra of targets such as rocks, shells, and gas hydrates on the seafloor, including the ability to scan the laser spot across a rock surface in sub-millimeter increments to identify the constituent mineral grains. These developments have greatly enhanced the ability to obtain in situ Raman spectra on the seafloor from an enormous range of specimens.  相似文献   

The evolution of host mass and black hole mass in quasi-stellar objects from the 2dF QSO Redshift Survey     

S. Fine  S. M. Croom  L. Miller  A. Babic  D. Moore  B. Brewer  R. G. Sharp  B. J. Boyle  T. Shanks  R. J. Smith  P. J. Outram  N. S. Loaring 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,373(2):613-622

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Qualitative Methods for Research on Mapmaking and Map Use     

Trudy A. Suchan  Cynthia A. Brewer 《The Professional geographer》2000,52(1):145-154

Contemporary cartographic research on mapmaking and map use has a broad mandate and, as a consequence, researchers need a broad suite of methods. Consistent with research developments in other geographic subdisciplines, cartographic researchers now use qualitative methods. They offer the advantage of bringing research closer to the problem‐solving realms of mapmakers and map users. Our purpose here is to discuss an array of qualitative methods for mapmaking and map use. Questionnaires, interviews, and protocol methods are used to gather verbal data about mapmaking and map use. Ethnographies produce data from direct observation of mapmakers and users. Maps also are sources for document analysis. We use examples of published cartographic research to elaborate on each of these methods.  相似文献   

A replacement for the Dobson spectrophotometer?     

Brewer  A. W. 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1973,106(1):919-927

Pure and Applied Geophysics -  相似文献   

Nutrient effects on the composition of salt marsh plant communities along the Southern Atlantic and gulf coasts of the United States     

Steven C. Pennings  Lee E. Stanton  J. Stephen Brewer 《Estuaries and Coasts》2002,25(6):1164-1173

Nutrient availability is known to mediate plant community structure in many systems, but relatively few studies of nutrient effects have been done in systems where strong gradients in physical stress might constrain the effects of nutrients. Recent studies in New England, United States, salt marshes indicate that nutrients may strongly mediate plant community composition by increasing the competitive ability of stress-tolerant species that are normally displaced by competition to recently-disturbed or low-intertidal habitats. It is unknown whether these results can be generalized to salt marshes in other geographic regions that experience different climates, tidal regimes, and edaphic conditions. To address the generality of these results from New England, we fertilized seven different mixtures of salt marsh plants at study sites on the southeast and Gulf coasts of the U.S. Two of these mixtures were studied in both geographic regions. Consistent with results from New England, fertilization always increased the biomass of the low-marsh dominantSpartina alterniflora and usually led to it increasing in dominance at the expense of high-marsh species. Fertilization also led to increased community dominance byDistichlis, but only in a mixture where it was already common. Fertilization led to changes in plant dominance patterns in four of the seven types of mixtures that we studied. Results were not a function of edaphic conditions, at least within the range included in our study, and were consistent between the southeastern and Gulf coasts, which experience markedly different tidal regimes. The broad similarity of these results suggests that changes in nutrient input may lead to predictable changes in the composition of similar salt marsh plant communities across large geographic areas despite site to site variation in the abiotic environment.  相似文献   

Chemistry and distribution of accessory Ni, Co, Fe arsenic minerals in the Pechenga Ni-Cu deposits, Kola Peninsula, Russia     

M. Z. Abzalov  T. S. Brewer  L. I. Polezhaeva 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1997,61(1-4):145-161

Summary Ni, Co, Fe arsenic minerals are common accessory phases associated with both the Ni-Cu mineralization and country rock sulphides of the Pechenga complex. The majority of the arsenic minerals fall in the cobaltite-gersdorffite series, with minor arsenopyrite, nickeline and maucherite. These minerals are regularly distributed between different types of mineralization. Nickeline, maucherite and gersdorffite occur mainly in hydrothermally altered Ni-Cu sulphide ores, in particular stringer zone sulphides and mineralized talc-carbonate rocks. Arsenopyrite occurs only in pentlandite-free assemblages of the host shales, mainly in remobilized iron sulphide mineralization. The concentrations of Ni and Co in arsenopyrite decrease with the distance from the Ni-Cu bearing intrusions. Cobaltite is an ubiquitous mineral, but Ni-rich cobaltite occurs mainly in the Ni-Cu ores. In general, the transition from Ni-Cu ores to country rocks is marked by the change from Ni-arsenides to Ni-Co sulpharsenides and, finally, to Fe sulpharsenides.Sedimentary pyrite in sulphidic shales contains up to 1.8 wt.% As and was initially enriched in arsenic during sedimentation and diagenesis. Metamorphic recrystallization of authigenic As-bearing pyrite to As-free pyrrhotite led to significant liberation of arsenic during metamorphism. The mobilized arsenic could have been carried by associated metamorphic fluids and then participated in the low-grade alteration of the ultramafic rocks and associated Ni-Cu sulphide ores.

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Zusammensetzung und Verteilung der akzessorischen Ni-, Co und Fe-Arsenminerale in den Nickel-Kupferlagerstätten von Pechenga, Kola-Halbinsel, Rußland

Zusammenfassung Ni-, Co- und Fe-Arsenminerale sind verbreitete akzessorische Phasen, sowohl in den Nickel-Kupfer-Vererzungen, als auch in den Sulfiden der Nebengesteine des PechengaKomplexes. Der Großteil der Arsenminerale ist zur Cobaltit-Gersdorffit-Serie zu stellen. Arsenkies, Nickelin und Maucherit sind in geringeren Mengen vorhanden. Diese Minerale sind zwischen den verschiedenen Vererzungstypen gleichmäßig verteilt. Nickelin, Maucherit und Gersdorffit kommen hauptsächlich in hydrothermal veränderten Ni-Cu-Sulfiderzen vor, besonders in Sulfiden der Stringer-Zone und in mineralisierten Talk-Karbonat-Gesteinen. Arsenkies kommt nur in Pentlandit-freien Paragenesen in den schiefrigen Nebengesteinen, vor allem in einer remobilisierten Eisensulfidvererzung, vor. Die Konzentrationen von Ni, Fe und Co in Arsenkies nehmen mit zunehmender Entfernung von den Ni-Cu-führenden Intrusionen ab. Cobaltit ist ein verbreitetes Mineral, wobei nickelreicher Cobaltit jedoch hauptsächlich in den Nickel-Kupfererzen vorkommt. Im allgemeinen wird der übergang von NickelKupfererzen zu Nebengesteinen durch den übergang von Nickelarseniden zu NickelKobalt-Sulpharseniden und schließlich zu Eisensulpharseniden markiert.Sedimentärer Pyrit in den schiefrigen Nebengesteinen enthält bis zu 1,8 Gew% As, wobei die Arsenanreicherung während der Sedimentation und Diagenese erfolgten. Metamorphe Rekristallisation authigener As-führenden Pyrite zu As-freiem Magnetkies führte zu signifikanter Freisetzung von Arsen während der Metamorphose. Das mobilisierte Arsen dürfte durch metamorphe Fluide transportiert worden sein, die an der niedriggradigen Alteration der ultramafischen Gesteine und der assoziierten NickelKupfererze beteiligt waren.

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With 8 Figures  相似文献   

An experiment demonstrating that marine slumping is a mechanism to transfer methane from seafloor gas-hydrate deposits into the upper ocean and atmosphere   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

C. K. Paull  P. G. Brewer  W. Ussler  E. T. Peltzer  G. Rehder  D. Clague 《Geo-Marine Letters》2002,22(4):198-203

The scientific community is engaged in a lively debate over whether and how venting from the gas-hydrate reservoir and the Earth’s climate is connected. The various scenarios which have been proposed are based on the following assumptions: the inventory of methane gas-hydrate deposits is locally enormous, the stability of marine gas-hydrate deposits can easily be perturbed by temperature and pressure changes, enough methane can be released from these deposits to contribute adequate volumes of this isotopically distinct greenhouse gas to alter the composition of oceanic or atmospheric methane reservoirs, and the mechanisms exist for the transfer of methane from deeper geologic reservoirs to the ocean and/or atmosphere. However, some potential transfer mechanisms have been difficult to evaluate. Here, we consider the possibility of marine slumping as a mechanism to transfer methane carbon from gas hydrates within the seafloor into the ocean and atmosphere. Our analyses and field experiments indicate that large slumps could release volumetrically significant quantities of solid gas hydrates which would float upwards in the water column. Large pieces of gas hydrate would reach the upper layers of the ocean before decomposing, and some of the methane would be directly injected into the atmosphere.  相似文献   

Solar and anthropogenic imprints on Lake Masoko (southern Tanzania) during the last 500 years   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Yannick Garcin  David Williamson  Laurent Bergonzini  Olivier Radakovitch  Annie Vincens  Guillaume Buchet  Joël Guiot  Simon Brewer  Pierre-Etienne Mathé  Amos Majule 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2007,37(4):475-490

The Masoko crater-lake in southern Tanzania provides a continuous record of environmental changes covering the last 500 years. Multi-proxy studies were performed on a 52 cm sediment core retrieved from the deepest part of the lake. Magnetic, organic carbon, geochemical proxies and pollen assemblages indicate a dry climate during the ‘Little Ice Age’ (AD 1550–1850), confirming that the LIA in eastern Africa resulted in marked and synchronous hydrological changes. However, the direction of response varies between different African lakes (low versus high lake-levels), indicating strong regional contrasts that prevent the clear identification of climate trends over eastern Africa at this time. Inferred changes in Masoko lake-levels closely resemble the record of solar activity cycles, indicating a possible control of solar activity on the climate in this area. This observation supports previous results from East African lakes, and extends this relationship southward. Finally, anthropogenic impact is observed in the Masoko sediments during the last 60 years, suggesting that human disturbance significantly affected this remote basin during colonial and post-colonial times.  相似文献