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221.
Qin Kuangzong 《Organic Geochemistry》1988,13(4-6)
Two Chinese immature oil shales from the continental deposits of kerogen type I and II have been thermally treated combined with the technique of supercritical fluid extraction at 630–650 K and 15–25 MPa in a semi-continuous laboratory scale apparatus. Toluence is selected as the solvent. Up to 70–80% of the kerogen matrix can be converted to a thermal bitumen and extracted simultaneously. The chemical structural parameters from the NMR, IR, XRD, ESR and EA analyses of the kerogen and the thermal bitumen show striking resemblance in nature. It implies that the thermal bitumen is primarily a depolymerized product of the kerogen. Based on the GC/MS spectra of the aliphatic eluate of the thermal bitumen, the predominance of the odd/even ratio of the alkanes and the epimeric ratios, such as 20S(20S + 20R) of C-29 steranes and 22S/(22S + 22R) of C-32 terpanes, show that the maturity of the thermal bitumen from these oil shales is comparable to that of commercial immature oils from East China. The thermal bitumen is thought to be an intermediate product of the thermal degradation of kerogen.Since the thermal bitumen is mainly composed of asphaltenes and resins, it has a structure of gel. The gel-state bitumen may turn to sol-state readily due to its low aromaticity and polarity, or due to selective adsorption of asphaltenes by clay minerals. Then the migration potential of the bitumen is enhanced.Consequently, under favorable geological conditions, the thermal depolymerization of kerogen seems to be a probable mechanism to explain the formation of immature oils. 相似文献
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Based on the scattering coda model by which local and regional earthquakes are interpreted (K. Aki, 1969), and using observational coda data of 68 aftershocks of the 1985 Luquan, Yunnan earthquake registered by the VGK seismographs installed at 12 stations in the Yunnan regional short-period network, theQ-values of coda waves are calculated respectively for 6 time intervals. It is observed that within the frequency range of 0.40–1.65 Hz of the observed data, theQ-values are closely related with the frequencies and the calculated codaQ ranges between 80–240 with the coefficient of frequency dependence η=0.45. The calculated source factorsB(f> p) of the coda waves which indicate the scattering strength are mostly within the order 10?23–10?24. Areas with lowQ-values present high scattering. It should be noted that by comparing data obtained before and after the Luquan earthquake, clear changes can be detected in theQ-values measured at stations close to the epicentral region, and that theQ-values of the aftershock coda are less than about one half of the pre-shock values. It may be mentioned that the time-dependent regional variations of theQ-values might possibly bring about practical significance in earthquake prediction. Moreover, aftershock focal parameters are determined. Through discussions on the quantitative relations between the focal parameters, we get: 1gE=1.59M L+ 11.335;E=(2.10 × 10?5)M 0; length of focal rupturea=0.40?0.80 km for 3.0≤M L<5.0 events; stress drop Δσ=(6.0–130) ×105 Pa. Through interpretation of the data, we have also learned the important characteristics that there is no linear relation between the stress drops and the earthquake magnitudes. 相似文献
224.
滑坡灾害预报的非线性动力学方法 总被引:29,自引:0,他引:29
基于现代反演理论,建立了滑坡灾害预测的非线性动力学模型,给出了可预报时间尺度的确定方法及稳定性判断准则。通过实例分析表明,非线性动力学分析方法是行之有效的。 相似文献
225.
滇中郝家河砂岩铜矿的地球化学及其成因意义 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文论术字滇中生代地层与矿区及春外围马头山组中铜的时空分布与迁移富集规律,揭示了矿床的沉积-后期叠加改造成因。成矿作用经历了同生沉积形成矿源层,后期叠加改造形成矿体的过程。后期改造中铜元素发生了大量迁移,矿质主要来自矿体之下伏紫色矿源层。 相似文献
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水库诱震机制新理论的探索──断层带弱化与岩体软化效应诱震理论 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
针对走滑断层诱发的水库地震,建立了尖点突变模型,提出了发震的充要力学条件判据及地震释放能量的简单表达式。以突变理论分析为依据,建立了水库诱震机制的新假说,简称为断层带弱化与岩体软化效应诱震理论,较合理地解释了水库地震与岩性、构造、水位的关系及水库地震序列b值的特征。本文的讨论从整体上深化了对水库诱震机制的认识。 相似文献
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230.
Zhang Qin Ni Yunqi Lin Wuyin Wang Zhaomin D. D. Houghton 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1991,5(4):411-425
In this paper, five-year simulated data from a low-resolution global spectral model with triangular trunca-lion at wavenumber 10 are analyzed in order to study dynamical features and propagation characteristics ofintraseasonal oxillations over the mid-latitudes and the tropical atmosphere. The simulations show that thereis the 30-50 day periodic oscillation in the low-resolution spectral model without non-seasonal external forcing,and spatial scale of the intraseasonal oscihations is of the globe .Further analysis finds that propagation charac-ters of intraseasonal oscillations over the mid-latitudes and the tropics are different. The 30-50 day oscillationover the tropics exhibits structure of the velocity potential wave with wavenumber 1 in the latitudinal and thecharacter of the traveling wave eastward at speed of 8 longitudes/day. However, the 30-50 day oscillationsin mid-latitude atmosphere exhibit phase and amplitude oscillation of the standing planetary waves and theyare related to transform of teleconnection patterns over the mid-latitudes. The energy is not only transferredbetween the tropics and the middle-high latitudes, but also between different regions over the tropics. Based on the analysis of 5-year band pass filtered data from a 5-layer global spectral model of Jow-ordetwith truncated wavenumber l0,investigation is done of the source of intraseasonal oscillations in the extratropicalmodel atmosphere and its mechanism. Results show that (1) the convective heat transferred eastward alongthe equator serves as the source of the intraseasonal oxillation both in the tropical and the extratropical atmos--phere; (2) the velocity-potential wave of a zonal structure of wavenumber 1 gives rise to oxillation in divergentand convergent wind fields of a dipole-form as seen from the equatorial Indian Ocean to the western Pacificduring its eastward propagation, thus indicating the oscillation in the dipole-form heat soure:e/sink pattertl; (3)the tropical heat-source oscillation is responsible for the variation in phase and intensity of the extratropicalstationary wave train, and the interaction between the oscillating low-frequency inertial gravity and stationaryRossby modes that are probably mechanisms for the oscillations ip the middle-high latitudes. 相似文献