Variation of surface albedo and soil thermal parameters with soil moisture content at a semi-desert site on the western Tibetan Plateau   总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10  

Kaicun?Wangwangkaicun@pku.org.cn" title="wangkaicun@mail.iap.ac.cn  wangkaicun@pku.org.cn" itemprop="email" data-track="click" data-track-action="Email author" data-track-label="">Email author  Pucai?Wang  Jingmiao?Liu  Michael?Sparrow  Shigenori?Haginoya  Xiuji?Zhou 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2005,116(1):117-129

Almost three years of continuous measurements taken between January 2001 and May 2003 at the Gaize (or Gerze) automatic weather station (32.30 °N, 84.06 °E, 4420 m), a cold semi-desert site on the western Tibetan Plateau, have been used to study seasonal and annual variations of surface albedo and soil thermal parameters, such as thermal conductivity, thermal capacity and thermal diffusivity, and their relationship to soil moisture content. Most of these parameters undergo dramatic seasonal and annual variations. Surface albedo decreases with increasing soil moisture content, showing the typical exponential relation between surface albedo and soil moisture. Soil thermal conductivity increases as a power function of soil moisture content. The diffusivity first increases with increasing soil moisture, reaching its maximum at about 0.25 (volume per volume), then slowly decreases. Soil thermal capacity is rather stable for a wide range of soil moisture content.  相似文献   

Distribution of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the Central Pacific Ocean     

Yoshiharu Maruyama  Nobuo Taga  Osamu Matsuda 《Journal of Oceanography》1970,26(6):360-366

The plate culture method using the two formulae for non-nitrogenous media was adopted in this investigation for the purpose of counting and isolating nitrogen-fixing bacteria distributed in the open sea. Sea water samples were collected at eighteen different stations in the region of Lat. 50°N–15°S along Long. 155°W and two other stations in the Pacific Ocean. In order to compare with those samples from the open sea, water samples were also obtained at four stations in Suruga and Sagami Bays. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria appear to be widely but very unevenly distributed at all depths in sea water, in numbers approximately ranging from nil to 10⁴ per 100 ml of sea water, and denser vertical populations have been found in the area of Lat. 40°N and 5°N along Long. 155°W, even at depths from 2,000 to 3,000m. A conparatively denser population of bacteria was found in sea water from Suruga Bay and Sagami Bay. The bacteria associated with plankton were abundantly demonstrated, in numbers ranging from 10⁶ to 10⁸ per 1 ml settling volume of plankton, in many plankton samples collected at four stations in the southern parts of the Pacific Ocean. Almost all the bacteria isolated from the samples of blue green algal colonies,Trichodesmium, sp., were able to grow on nonnitrogeneous media.  相似文献   

Seasonal appearance ofProchlorococcus in Suruga Bay,Japan in 1992–1993     

Shimada  A.  Nishijima  M.  Maruyama  T. 《Journal of Oceanography》1995,51(3):289-300

Seasonal appearance ofProchlorococcus was studied by flow cytometry in Suruga Bay, Japan in 1992–1993.Prochlorococcus cells were in high concentrations (>1×10⁴ cells ml^–1) from July to October 1992 and September 1993, when the water temperature was over 20°C. The 16S rRNA of the isolated cells showed 98.5% sequence homology with that ofP. marinus (Sargasso strain), indicating that they are the same species. The former has a high divinyl-chlorophyll (DV-Chl.)a/b ratio similar to the Mediterranean strain and different from the Sargasso strain. Maximum concentration ofProchlorococcus at the surface water was 2.5×10⁴ cells ml^–1 in August 1992 and their DV-Chl.a accounted for 4.0% of the total chlorophylla. A decrease in cell density to less than 5×10³ cells ml^–1 was observed from December to May with an exceptional rise in January 1993. WhileProchlorococcus showed a maximum concentration of 3.6×10⁴ cells ml^–1 at 10 m depth in September 1992, phycoerythrin (PE)-richSynechococcus spp. were dominant with their maximum concentration of 2.2×10⁵ cells ml^–1 in the same water body. On the other hand, phycocyanin (PC)-richSynechococcus spp. and the larger phytoplankters showed maximum concentrations in the surface waters in May and June. BothProchlorococcus and PE-richSynechococcus showed their lowest concentrations in April. A significant positive correlation was obtained between cell concentrations of the PE-richSynechococcus andProchlorococcus.  相似文献   

Models on Snowball Earth and Cambrian explosion: A synopsis   总被引：5，自引：5，他引：0  

S. Maruyama  M. Santosh 《Gondwana Research》2008,14(1-2):22

During the late Proterozoic from 1000 to 542 Ma, the Earth is thought to have been frozen at least during two times: in the Sturtian (715–680 Ma) and in the Marinoan (680–635 Ma) global glaciations. Following the Marinoan Snowball Earth, large multi-cellular animals of the Ediacara fauna flourished as a prelude to the Phanerozoic world. Here we summarize the most popular models on the cause and cessation of Snowball Earth. Episodic decrease of greenhouse gas occurs through the effect of erosion and weathering promoted by either mountain building or by an increase in the coastlines during the break-up of supercontinents. Effects on the globe caused by true polar wander, eruption of voluminous flood basalts, or dramatic reduction in planetary obliquity can also lead to ice ages and mass extinction. A radically revised concept based on Earth's magnetic intensity has also been proposed, which explains the true polar wander through a quasi-polar dynamo model. The ‘switch-on’ and ‘switch-off’ of the Earth's strong dynamo can lead to the onset and disappearance of the Snowball Earth. The galactic model infers that gamma ray burst associated with starburst creates huge amounts of clouds which would cut off sun rays and freeze the Earth.The Snowball Earth event is considered to have exerted a significant control on the subsequent revolutionary changes in the evolution of life forms. Although according to the biological clock, extensive re-organisation of genome is thought to have been completed by around 900 Ma, the evolution of modern life in Cambrian occurred only after the geochemical bridge was in place with elevated oxygen and nutrient levels in lakes that developed within continental rifts where the hydrothermal system in the granitic basement created the chemical environment enriched in Ca²⁺, Fe²⁺, V, Mo, HCO₃, phosphate and other elements required for building the skeleton and bone of the first modern animals. With cosmic radiation exerting a significant control on the mutation, the Neoproterozoic Earth history illustrates the possible link from Galaxy to the genome level.  相似文献   

Large areal extent of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism in the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure terrane of East China: new implications from coesite and omphacite inclusions in zircon of granitic gneiss   总被引：36，自引：0，他引：36  

Kai Ye  Yupeng Yao  Ikuo Katayama  Bolin Cong  Qingchen Wang  Shigenori Maruyama 《Lithos》2000,52(1-4):157-164

Coesite and omphacite inclusions have been identified for the first time as minute inclusions in zircon from amphibolite-facies granitic orthogneiss in the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic terrane of eastern China by Raman spectroscopy and microprobe analyses. The occurrences of these minerals in the voluminous granitic gneiss of Sulu support a regional and pervasive UHP metamorphic event that predated regional amphibolitic retrogression. Taking into account the widespread discoveries of coesite in other lithologies, we thus conclude that a substantial crustal component in the Sulu UHP metamorphic terrane appears to have shared a common history of Triassic subduction to mantle depths and later exhumation.  相似文献   

Evaluation and forecast of human impacts based on land use changes using multi-temporal satellite imagery and GIS: A case study on Zanjan,Iran     

Mohsen Ahadnejad  Yoshihisa Maruyama  Fumio Yamazaki 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2009,37(4):659-669

Land use and land cover changes due to human activities in a time sequence. Detection of such changes may help decision makers and planners to understand the factors in land use and land cover change in order to take effective and useful measures. Remote sensing and GIS techniques may be used as efficient tools to detect and assess land use change.  相似文献   

Identification of Lower Pleistocene widespread tephras associated with large caldera-forming eruptions in the Tohoku area,north-east Japan     

Takehiko Suzuki  Seiji Maruyama  Tohru Danhara  Takafumi Hirata  Hiroshi Machida  Fusao Arai 《第四纪科学杂志》2020,35(1-2):316-333

Tephra fingerprinting techniques contributing to volcanology and palaeoenvironmental studies have been developed using a combination of laser-ablation inductively coupled-plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). In particular, femtosecond LA-ICP-MS can determine major- and trace element abundances in individual glass shards. On the basis of the major oxide and trace element composition of the glass shards, using those methods, we re-examined the identification of four lower Pleistocene tephras originating from north-east Japan. All trace element abundances exhibited the typical pattern of tephras from the Hokkaido–Tohoku area, and major element concentrations were distinct. As a result, we re-examined the correlation of the widespread Tmg-R4 tephra (2.0 Ma), and newly defined the widespread Kd44-Naka tephra (1.968–1.781 Ma), both originating from the Sengan geothermal region. Furthermore, we re-examined identifications of Sr-Asn-Kd8 (1.219 Ma) and Sr-Kc-U8 (0.922–0.910 Ma) in central Japan, both derived from the Aizu volcanic region. The extensive distributions of the former two tephras suggest the occurrence of two large caldera-forming eruptions (Volcanic Explosivity Index 7) during a short period. Also, the distributions and volumes of the latter two tephras are broader and larger than those previously assumed. The results provide insight into large volcanic eruption history and terrestrial and marine palaeoenvironmental history.  相似文献   

Characteristics of earthquake-induced landslides in a heavy snowfall region—landslides triggered by the northern Nagano prefecture earthquake, March 12, 2011, Japan   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Baator Has  Tomoyuki Noro  Kiyoteru Maruyama  Akira Nakamura  Kiichiro Ogawa  Satoshi Onoda 《Landslides》2012,9(4):539-546

The northern Nagano Prefecture earthquake, M_JMA?6.7 (Mw?6.2), which is inferred to have been triggered by the huge (Mw?9.0) March 11, 2011 Tohoku earthquake, occurred on March 12, 2011, in northern Nagano Prefecture, an area in Japan famous for heavy snowfall. A large number of landslides were triggered by the 12 March earthquake, and it caused building damage in the area of the epicenter. To clarify characteristics of the distribution and dynamic behavior of these landslides, we analyzed aerial photographs and conducted field surveys in and around the epicentral area. Large-scale landslides with long distance run-outs are a remarkable characteristic of the landslides induced by this earthquake. The long travel distance is considered to be related to the thick snowpack at the time the earthquake occurred. Moderate scale deep-seated landslides and shallow landslides were also observed in the study area. Based on an analysis of landslides with the active fault on which the earthquake is believed to have occurred, most of these landslides were distributed on the hanging wall of the active fault, within a distance of 12?km from the fault.  相似文献   

Surface heat balance and pan evaporation trends in Eastern Asia in the period 1971–2000     

Jianqing Xu  Shigenori Haginoya  Kazuyuki Saito  Ken Motoya 《水文研究》2005,19(11):2161-2186

Climatic variations over Eastern Asia, including the Tibetan Plateau, were analysed using meteorological data for 32 points in the period 1971 to 2000. Changes in heat and water balances were examined using potential evaporation E_P, and a wetness index WI, as suggested by Kondo and Xu ( 1997a,b ). Climate zones, including the humid, semi‐humid, semi‐arid and arid climate types, in Eastern Asia identified by the wetness index matched the vegetation distribution. Average monthly temperatures increased over the 30 years, with the sharpest increase in February. In general, temperature increases were larger in the north than in the south. Air temperature increased by more than 0·05 K yr⁻¹ in northern China. The data showed that diurnal temperature ranges have decreased in recent years. From the Tibetan Plateau, through central China, to southern northeast China, there has been an increase in potential evaporation and pan evaporation, which may be related to both higher temperatures and a lack of surface water. Increasing long‐wave radiation flux is apparent in every month and in the interannual trends. This is in contrast to the solar radiation flux. On the other hand, trends for relative humidity and cloud cover were negative, but positive for water vapour pressure. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Photographic Observations of the 1996 Leonid Fireballs in Japan     

Shiba  Y.  Shimoda  C.  Maruyama  T.  Okumura  S.  Tomita  M.  Murasawa  A.  Ohtsuka  K.  Tomioka  H.  Hidaka  E. 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1997,77(1):47-54

Several Leonid fireballs were successfully photographed by the Japanese Fireball Network and by other observers in Japan on 16 November, 1996. A totals of seven of these were simultaneously observed from two or more stations, from which the orbital and physical data were deduced. The radiant of these fireballs were very small, only 0.1°, similar to that of the 1991 Perseids. The 1996 Leonids showed a lower magnitude distribution index similar to those obtained in the 1961 and 1965 Leonids. All of these showers occurred before perihelion passage of the parent comet. We conclude that we have already encountered the elongated front part of the dust trail of the Leonid parent comet, where the trail is probably composed of larger dust particles. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献