Mapping of benthic enrichment patterns in Narragansett Bay,Rhode Island     

Raymond M. Valente  Donald C. Rhoads  Joseph D. Germano  Victor J. Cabelli 《Estuaries and Coasts》1992,15(1):1-17

A synoptic reconnaissance survey was performed over a five-day period in August 1988 to assess benthic habitat quality throughout Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, using REMOTS^® sediment-profile photography and analysis in combination with measurements of the levels ofClostridium perfringens spores (a fecal indicator) in sediments. Three main areas of degraded benthic habitat quality related to either excessive organic enrichment or physical disturbance were identified based solely on the REMOTS^® analysis: the Providence River Reach, Greenwich Bay and its associated coves and harbors, and an area located along the southwest side of Prudence Island. Sediments at many stations in these areas exhibited shallow apparent redox-potential discontinuity (RPD) depths, high apparent oxygen demand, and low-order benthic successional stages. ElevatedClostridium perfringens spore counts in surface sediments were attributed to inputs from wastewater treatment facilities. The highest spore counts occurred at the head of the bay, where wastewater treatment discharges and associated combined sewer overflows are numerous. Using data from the REMOTS^® analysis and the sediment inventory ofC. perfringens spores, a distinction was made between organic enrichment of the bottom from sewage, versus nonsewage enrichment or physical disturbance. The combination of techniques employed in this investigation could be used to design more efficient monitoring programs to assess eutrophication effects in estuaries and determine the effectiveness of regulatory or management initiatives to reduce organic overenrichment of benthic habitats.  相似文献   

Uranium in metamorphic rocks     

Jaroslav Dostal  Silvio Capedri 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1978,66(4):409-414

The distribution of U has been studied in two metamorphic rock-series with a gradient of regional metamorphism. One series ranges from the lowest greenschist to amphibolite facies and the other one shows increasing metamorphic grade from amphibolite to granulite facies. Several medium and high pressure granulitic inclusions from alkali basalts were also analyzed. The abundances of U in the rocks do not appear to be affected by metamorphism below the granulite facies grade. Granulites are depleted in U in comparison with equivalent rocks of amphibolite facies grade. There are also differences in their U distribution, as the bulk of U in amphibolite facies rocks is located along the fractures and cleavage planes of ferro-magnesian minerals and in U-rich accessories, while in granulites, most of the U resides in accessory minerals. It seems that the depletion of U in granulites is due to a loss of U which is not located in accessory minerals or in the crystal structure of rock-forming minerals and may also be related to a migration of hydrous fluids, perhaps during dehydration.  相似文献   

Die ausseralpine Taphrogenese im kaledonisch-variszisch konsolidierten sardischen Vorlande     

Prof. Dr. Silvio Vardabasso 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1964,53(2):613-630

Zusammenfassung Ein großer Graben teilt das sardische Vorland von Norden nach Süden, wobei nur der Osthorst (Gennargentu) vollständig, jedoch zersplittert, stehengeblieben ist. Vom Westhorst dagegen ragen nur einige Bruchstücke (Iglesiente, Nurra) vom Meer empor. Viele Seitengräben zweigen vom Hauptgraben ab, so daß die Verstellung der getroffenen Schollen ein asymmetrisches Bild der kratonischen Tektonik hervorgerufen hat.Die Grabenfüllung ist hauptsächlich durch Vulkanite erfolgt; die Sedimente spielen nur eine untergeordnete Rolle. Die Eruptionen beginnen mit dem Oligozän und enden mit dem Pleistozän. Eine Trennung in zwei Zyklen (vorhelvetisch bzw. nachtortonisch) gilt für Südsardinien nicht, weil hier submarine Explosionen (Diatremen) und Tuffiteinschaltungen auch während der mittelmiozänen Transgression vorgekommen sind.Geochemisch gehören die Vulkanite der Kalkalkalireihe, jedoch mit atlantischen und mediterranen Tendenzen. Wenn man eine lokale Aufschmelzung des unteren Sockels des sardischen Kratons annimmt, kann man eine palingenetische Abstammung der tertiären Liparite von variszischen Graniten verstehen.Die Bruchlinien bei der taphrogenetischen Deformation unseres alten Vorlandes lassen zwei dominierende Richtungen erkennen: Südost-Nordwest in Südsardinien (Campidano), Nordost-Südwest in Nordsardinien (Tirsograben und Logudoro). Im Rahmen der Strukturelemente des westlichen Mittelmeeres kann man auch eine horizontale Schollenverschiebung (eine Art Epirophorese im Kleinen!) für Sardinien annehmen, und zwar eine relative Bewegung des Iglesiente in Südost-Richtung, d.h. parallel der großen Abschwenkung des Balearenbogens.

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A great Graben cuts the Sardic Foreland. Its Eastern lip is preserved in a fractured state, the Western rim subsidized to a great extent. Side-grabens diverge from the rift asymmetrically. The Graben-fill consists mainly of igneous material of Oligocene to Recent age. Maindirections of taphrogenesis are NW (in the S-portion) and NE in Northern Sardinia. Locally lateral movements are suspected.

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Résumé Un grand graben divise l'avant-pays sarde du Nord au Sud; seul le horst oriental (Gennargentu) est resté tout à fait en place bien que fracturé. Du horst occidental seuls quelques blocs (Iglesiente, Nurra) émergent de la mer. De nombreux graben latéraux bifurquent à partir du graben principal, de sorte que le déplacement des blocs a entraîné une disposition asymétrique de la tectonique cratonique.Le remplissage du graben s'est fait essentiellement par des volcanites; les sédiments n'occupent qu'une place secondaire. Les éruptions débutent à l'Oligocène et se terminent au Pléistocène. Une division en 2 cycles (préhelvétique et posttortonique) ne s'applique pas à la Sardaigne du Sud, car ici des explosions sous-marines (Diatremes) et des intercalations de tuffites sont également intervenues durant la transgression du Miocène moyen.Du point de vue géochimique les volcanites appartiennent à la série calcoalcaline avec cependant une tendance atlantique et méditerranéenne. En admettant une fusion locale du socle inférieur du craton sarde, on comprend alors la dérivation palingénétique des liparites tertiaires à partir des granites varisques.Les lignes de fracture liées à la déformation taphrogénétique de notre ancien avant-pays montrent deux directions dominantes: SE-NW en Sardaigne méridionale (Campidano), NE-SW en Sardaigne septentrionale (graben du Tirso et de Logudoro). Dans le cadre des éléments structuraux de la Méditerranée occidentale on peut également admettre en Sardaigne un déplacement horizontal des compartiments (du genre épirophorèse en petit!), à savoir un déplacement relatif d'Iglesiente vers le sud-est, c'est-à-dire parallèlement au grand décalage de l'arc des Baléares.

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Riassunto Una geoanticlinale emergente dal centro del Mediterraneo occidentale formava l'Avampaese Sardo durante il Mesozoico.Questa dorsale, già consolidata con le orogenesi caledonica ed ercinica, poi peneplanata e solo in parte invasa da mari epicontinentali, dopo aver subito ampie oscillazioni, è stata alla fine ridotta in frammenti da una tettonica disgiuntiva terziaria.I pilastri, residui dello sbloccamento, formano il caratteristico rilievo attuale di media montagna (tipo Gennargentu), isolato da depressioni a sviluppo ed orientamento ineguali, convergenti verso una zona a direzione meridiana. Questa è la fossa principale del Sistema («fossa tettonica sarda» per eccellenza, fra il Golfo dell'Asinara a N e quello di Cagliari a S).In questa grande fossa la pianura del Campidano, nella Sardegna meridionale, non è che la depressione attuale, risultante dallo spostamento dell'asse di maggior sprofondamento, tuttora in via di assetto.D'altra parte, parecchie «fosse laterali», minori, penetrando nell'antico massiccio, hanno staccato dallo stesso altrettante schegge. Lo sbandamento di questi frammenti dei pilastri tettonici conferisce alle fosse una asimmetria caratteristica, specialmente evidente dalla Valle del Tirso al Golfo dell'Asinara.Lo sprofondamento delle fosse tettoniche è stato accompagnato da un vulcanismo a intensità decrescente dall'Oligocene al Plistocene.La distinzione in due cicli (pre-elveziano, rispettivamente post-tortoniano) non è valida per la Sardegna meridionale, dove (Marmilla e Campidano) le manifestazioni vulcaniche (diatremi e intercalazioni di tufiti) sono continuate anche durante l'invasione marina del Miocene medio.Nella colmata delle fosse tettoniche prevalgono le vulcaniti sui sedimenti; tra le lave prevalgono quelle acide sulle basiche, talvolta in alternanza fra loro.Dalle discordanze tra le varie fasi eruttive e dalle intercalazioni lacustri fra le stesse risulta che entro le fosse tettoniche sono awenute dislocazioni secondarie per piegamento.Dal punto di vista geochimico le lave appartengono alla serie alcalicalcica con tendenze verso le serie alcaline (atlantica e mediterranea). Se si ammette peró una parziale fusione della base granitica del cratone formante l'Avampaese Sardo, il vulcanismo delle nostre fosse tettoniche potrebbe essere un riflesso di oscuri rapporti fra palingenesi e tafrogenesi.In fine, nel tentativo di inserire le dislocazioni disgiuntive, che hanno colpito durante il Terziario l'Avampaese Sardo, si potrà forse riconoscere anche una traslazione orizzontale di zolle (epiroforesi) ed in particolare uno spostamento in blocco dell'Iglesiente, al di qua della fossa tettonica del Campidano, in direzione concordante con la grande deviazione verso Sud-est dell'arco delle Isole Baleari.

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Uranium in spinel peridotite inclusions in basalts from Sardinia   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Jaroslav Dostal  Silvio Capedri 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1976,54(4):245-254

The uranium distribution in spinel peridotite inclusions and their host basalt from Sardinia, Italy, was determined by fission-track mapping. Whole-rock U concentrations range from 14 to 55 ppb. Although the partitioning of U among major silicate phases of the inclusions — olivine, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene — remains roughly constant, the U content in the minerals is highly variable, e.g. ranging from 27 ppb to 177 ppb in clinopyroxene. The U variation in the minerals shows no apparent correlation with their major element chemistry. Liquid which equilibrated with the assemblages of inclusions with high U content, had U concentrations higher than those found in basaltic rocks. It is suggested that the inclusions were contaminated with a phase strongly enriched in U and subsequently recrystallized. The available data show that spinel peridotite inclusions of basaltic rocks frequently have complex multistage evolution and thus cannot provide a representative picture of the upper mantle radioactivity.  相似文献   

Formation and stability of mixed Mg/Ca/phytate species in synthetic seawater media: Consequences on ligand speciation     

Pasquale Crea  Concetta De Stefano  Demetrio Milea  Silvio Sammartano   《Marine Chemistry》2008,112(3-4):142-148

The results of a potentiometric investigation (by ISE-H⁺, glass electrode) on the speciation of phytate ion (Phy¹²⁻) in an ionic medium simulating the major components (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl⁻ and SO₄²⁻) of natural seawater, at different salinities and t = 25 °C, are reported. The work was particularly aimed at determining the possible formation of mixed Ca²⁺–Mg²⁺–phytate ion pairs, and to establish how including the formation of these mixed species would affect the speciation modeling in seawater media. After testing various speciation models, that considering the formation of the MgCaH₃Phy⁵⁻, MgCaH₄Phy⁴⁻, Mg₂CaH₃Phy³⁻ and Mg₂CaH₄Phy²⁻ species was accepted, and corresponding stability constants were determined at two salinities (S = 5, 10). A discussion is reported both on the choice of the experimental conditions and on the possibility to extend these results to those typical of real seawater. A detailed procedure is also described to demonstrate that the stability of these species is higher than that statistically predicted. As reported in literature, a parameter, namely log X, has been determined in order to quantify this extra stability for the formation of each mixed species at various salinities. For example, at S = 10, log X₁₁₃ = 2.67 and log X₁₁₄ = 1.37 for MgCaH₃Phy⁵⁻ and MgCaH₄Phy⁴⁻ (statistical value is log X_stat = 0.60), and log X₂₁₃ = 6.11 and log X₂₁₄ = 2.15 for Mg₂CaH₃Phy³⁻ and Mg₂CaH₄Phy²⁻ (log X_stat = 1.43), respectively. Results obtained also showed that the formation of these species may occur even in conditions of low salinity (i.e. low concentration of alkaline earth cations) and low pH (i.e., more protonated ligand).  相似文献   

Center-to-Limb Variation of Solar Microwave Bursts     

Silva  Adriana V.R.  Valente  Marcelo M. 《Solar physics》2002,206(1):177-188

Statistical studies of hard X-ray flares position on the solar disk have shown that the more energetic hard X-rays have a tendency to be more concentrated near the limb rather than at disk center, whereas lower-energy hard X-ray emission seems isotropic. Since the high-frequency radio emission is believed to be produced by the same energetic electron population responsible for the high-energy hard X-rays, we searched the microwave/millimeter emitting bursts for center-to-limb variation in their emission. A total of 499 bursts observed by the radio telescopes in Bern at the frequencies of 3.1, 5.2, 8.4, 11.8, 19.6, 35.0, and 50.0 GHz were analyzed. Simultaneous Hα flares were used for determination of the radio burst position on the solar disk. For each of the 7 frequencies, the peak flux and duration were studied as a function of heliocentric position. For 312 bursts, spectral parameters such as spectral index, peak frequency, and flux at spectral maximum were analyzed. For a subset of 43 bursts with emission at all frequencies, the emission and spectral parameters were analyzed. Center-to-limb variations of the spectral parameters for all bursts were sought. In order to interpret the observational results, we have performed a numerical simulation of gyrosynchrotron spectra. We find that high-frequency events, which are also the more energetic ones, have larger center-to-limb variations in their parameters than do the overall flares. Moreover, this behavior agrees with theoretical predictions.  相似文献   

Lithosphere mechanical behavior inferred from tidal gravity anomalies: a comparison of Africa and South America     

Marta S.M. Mantovani  Wladimir Shukowsky  Silvio R.C. de Freitas  Benjamim B. Brito Neves 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2005,230(3-4):397-412

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Foraminiferal responses to polluted sediments in the Montevideo coastal zone, Uruguay     

Burone L  Venturini N  Sprechmann P  Valente P  Muniz P 《Marine pollution bulletin》2006,52(1):61-73

A study of foraminiferal assemblages was carried out in 24 sediment samples collected from the Montevideo coastal zone (south-eastern coastal region of South America) to assess the response of the benthic foraminifera to the polluted sediments. The area is affected by different pollutants such as sewage, hydrocarbons and heavy metals derived from different sources. Biological data were analyzed with multivariate techniques of cluster analysis and a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed for abiotic factors. The results allowed the recognition of different species assemblages corresponding to different sub-environments, which reflected the prevalent ecological conditions. The Montevideo Bay, particularly, its inner part showed an extremely poor foraminiferal fauna-including a totally azoic station-and high percentages of abnormal tests, when compared with the adjacent Punta Carretas and Punta Yeguas zones. Mean faunal density showed a strong relationship with organic matter, oxygen and heavy metal concentrations, as well as redox potential and pH values of each sub-environment. Although the adjacent zones presented a moderate pollution degree, it was noticed that a positive effect on the foraminiferal density specially on Ammonia tepida, caused by the sewage pipe located in Punta Carretas, a pure organic contamination. Differences among foraminiferal assemblages seemed to be related to the combined action of the several kinds of pollutants and the natural abiotic variables, like the rapid salinity changes that occurred in this area.  相似文献   

The effect of Congo River freshwater discharge on Eastern Equatorial Atlantic climate variability     

Stefano Materia  Silvio Gualdi  Antonio Navarra  Laurent Terray 《Climate Dynamics》2012,39(9-10):2109-2125

The surface ocean explains a considerable part of the inter-annual Tropical Atlantic variability. The present work makes use of observational datasets to investigate the effect of freshwater flow on sea surface salinity (SSS) and temperature (SST) in the Gulf of Guinea. In particular, the Congo River discharges a huge amount of freshwater into the ocean, affecting SSS in the Eastern Equatorial Atlantic (EEA) and stratifying the surface layers. The hypothesis is that an excess of river runoff emphasize stratification, influencing the ocean temperature. In fact, our findings show that SSTs in the Gulf of Guinea are warmer in summers following an anomalously high Congo spring discharge. Vice versa, when the river discharges low freshwater, a cold anomaly appears in the Gulf. The response of SST is not linear: temperature anomalies are considerable and long-lasting in the event of large freshwater flow, while in dry years they are less remarkable, although still significant. An excess of freshwater seems able to form a barrier layer, which inhibits vertical mixing and the entrainment of the cold thermocline water into the surface. Other processes may contribute to SST variability, among which the net input of atmospheric freshwater falling over EEA. Likewise the case of continental runoff from Congo River, warm anomalies occur after anomalously rainy seasons and low temperatures follow dry seasons, confirming the effect of freshwater on SST. However, the two sources of freshwater anomaly are not in phase, so that it is possible to split between atypical SST following continental freshwater anomalies and rainfall anomalies. Also, variations in air-sea fluxes can produce heating and cooling of the Gulf of Guinea. Nevertheless, atypical SSTs cannot be ascribed to fluxes, since the temperature variation induced by them is not sufficient to explain the SST anomalies appearing in the Gulf after anomalous peak discharges. The interaction processes between river runoff, sea surface salinity and temperature play an effective role in the interannual variability in the EEA region. Our results add a new source of variability in the area, which was often neglected by previous studies.  相似文献   

The Jiddat al Harasis 073 strewn field,Sultanate of Oman     

Edwin GNOS  Silvio LORENZETTI  Otto EUGSTER  A. J. Timothy JULL  Beda A. HOFMANN  Ali Al‐KATHIRI  Manuel EGGIMANN 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2009,44(3):375-387

Abstract— The recently discovered Jiddat al Harasis (JaH) 073 strewn field is the largest found so far in the Sultanate of Oman, covering an area of 19 × 6 km. The 3463 single stones collected range in weight from 52.2 kg down to <1 g (total weight 600.8 kg) and show a pronounced mass sorting. The strewn field shape can be approximated by a NW‐SE‐oriented ellipsoid, indicating an atmospheric entry from SE at a low angle relative to the surface. The meteorite belongs to the L6 ordinary chondrite group and shows S4 average shock grade. Smaller stones generally show a higher weathering grade resulting in a spread from W2 and W4. Enhanced weathering of the stones causing fragmentation after the fall is observed in sandy depressions. Five ¹⁴C measurements on stones of variable size and weathering grade yielded ¹⁴C from 3.8 to 49.9 dpm/kg. Three samples give a ¹⁴C/ ¹⁰Be age consistent with about 14.4 ka. For two samples the cosmogenic, trapped, and radiogenic noble gases were measured. The ratio of the ⁴He and ⁴⁰Ar gas retention ages of 0.29 ± 0.10 and that of the ³He and ²¹Ne cosmic ray exposure ages of 0.36 ± 0.08 Ma indicate that JaH 073 experienced a complex exposure history and lost ⁴He and ⁴⁰Ar due to a major collision. Fragmentation statistics indicate a single major atmospheric disruption and an originally relatively spherical shape of the object. Assuming the material collected represents the majority of fallen mass, and 90–99% of the original weight was lost by ablation, the pre‐atmospheric minimum radius of the meteoroid with density 3.4 g cm^?3would have been at least 75 cm.  相似文献